{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313524974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/latincom56090.2022.10000445","title":"Topological Evolution Analysis of Payment Channels in the Lightning Network","display_name":"Topological Evolution Analysis of Payment Channels in the Lightning Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313524974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/latincom56090.2022.10000445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/latincom56090.2022.10000445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/latincom56090.2022.10000445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058809188","display_name":"Gustavo F. Camilo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-8567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo F. Camilo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009077442","display_name":"Gabriel Antonio F. Rebello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3344-0734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Antonio F. Rebello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086430754","display_name":"Lucas Airam C. de Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-3121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Airam C. de Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080217489","display_name":"Maria Potop-Butucaru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6488-8326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Potop-Butucaru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LIP6,Paris,France,F-75005"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LIP6,Paris,France,F-75005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031182397","display_name":"Marcelo Dias de Amorim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3710-6805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo D. Amorim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LIP6,Paris,France,F-75005"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LIP6,Paris,France,F-75005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083970479","display_name":"Miguel Elias M. Campista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-9382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Elias M. Campista","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052798351","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Henrique M. K. Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-3359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122140584","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03490as77","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Henrique M. K. Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),Grupo de Teleinformática e Automação,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122140584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2661,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93919027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12149","display_name":"Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"Centrality","score":0.7041492462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.6522766351699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.6409209966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6301296353340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5467332005500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5467088222503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.493564248085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.43127867579460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.42727792263031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4013422131538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.20545899868011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14241689443588257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.7041492462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.6522766351699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.6409209966659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6301296353340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5467332005500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5467088222503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.493564248085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.43127867579460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.42727792263031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4013422131538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.20545899868011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14241689443588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/latincom56090.2022.10000445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/latincom56090.2022.10000445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W2766452458","https://openalex.org/W2963978499","https://openalex.org/W2969251831","https://openalex.org/W3004816338","https://openalex.org/W3059487196","https://openalex.org/W3091207531","https://openalex.org/W3098476413","https://openalex.org/W3105250713","https://openalex.org/W4287113072","https://openalex.org/W6768167848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229078645","https://openalex.org/W1977345676","https://openalex.org/W4282032776","https://openalex.org/W2047552823","https://openalex.org/W4321606905","https://openalex.org/W3130445735","https://openalex.org/W3013212210","https://openalex.org/W2002039869","https://openalex.org/W2340502785","https://openalex.org/W2954517350"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Payment":[0],"channel":[1,48,62,148],"networks":[2],"(PCN)":[3],"offer":[4],"a":[5,59,97,116,139],"fast,":[6],"secure,":[7],"and":[8,29,69,82,89,102,172],"distributed":[9],"alternative":[10],"payment":[11,30,47],"method":[12],"while":[13],"avoiding":[14],"slow":[15],"consensus":[16],"mechanisms":[17],"of":[18,37,61,91,107,111,128,138,156],"blockchains.":[19],"Nonetheless,":[20],"the":[21,26,35,38,45,52,87,92,112,123,126,129,135,143,154,157,162],"PCN":[22,131],"topology":[23],"directly":[24,132],"influences":[25],"performance,":[27],"cost,":[28],"success":[31],"rate.":[32],"This":[33,159],"paper1analyzes":[34],"evolution":[36,90],"Lightning":[39,130],"Network":[40],"topology,":[41],"which":[42,151],"is":[43],"currently":[44],"leading":[46],"network.":[49,93,141],"We":[50],"reconstruct":[51],"network":[53,113,145,170],"graph":[54,76],"using":[55],"real":[56],"data":[57],"from":[58],"set":[60],"announcement":[63],"messages":[64],"collected":[65],"between":[66],"January":[67],"2020":[68],"August":[70],"2021.":[71],"Our":[72],"analysis":[73],"uses":[74],"typical":[75],"metrics,":[77],"such":[78],"as":[79],"transitivity,":[80],"diameter,":[81],"degree":[83],"centrality,":[84],"to":[85,118,153],"evaluate":[86],"state":[88],"The":[94],"results":[95],"show":[96],"strong":[98],"trend":[99,160],"in":[100],"resource":[101],"connectivity":[103],"centralization.":[104],"Only":[105],"0.38%":[106],"nodes":[108],"concentrate":[109],"50%":[110],"capacity,":[114],"exposing":[115],"vulnerability":[117],"targeted":[119],"attacks.":[120],"As":[121],"with":[122,134],"Bitcoin":[124],"cryptocurrency,":[125],"centralization":[127],"contrasts":[133],"original":[136],"goal":[137],"fully-decentralized":[140],"Moreover,":[142],"low":[144],"transitivity":[146],"compromises":[147],"rebalancing":[149],"techniques,":[150],"contribute":[152],"stability":[155],"system.":[158],"evidences":[161],"need":[163],"for":[164],"new":[165],"attachment":[166],"policies":[167],"prioritizing":[168],"greater":[169],"decentralization":[171],"robustness.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}