{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1593857093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lanman.2015.7114735","title":"Understanding the bottlenecks in virtualizing cellular core network functions","display_name":"Understanding the bottlenecks in virtualizing cellular core network functions","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1593857093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lanman.2015.7114735","mag":"1593857093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lanman.2015.7114735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lanman.2015.7114735","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 21st IEEE International Workshop on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090217809","display_name":"Ashok Sunder Rajan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Sunder Rajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007152667","display_name":"Sameh Gobriel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104122","display_name":"Connect","ror":"https://ror.org/0170ys284","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104122"]}],"countries":["NO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameh Gobriel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connectem","Intel Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connectem","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104122"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084033999","display_name":"Christian Maciocco","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Maciocco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067196281","display_name":"Kannan Babu Ramia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kannan Babu Ramia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061765817","display_name":"Sachin Kapury","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104122","display_name":"Connect","ror":"https://ror.org/0170ys284","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104122"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachin Kapury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connectem"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connectem","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054165269","display_name":"Ajaypal Singhy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104122","display_name":"Connect","ror":"https://ror.org/0170ys284","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104122"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajaypal Singhy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Connectem"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connectem","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045400500","display_name":"Jeffrey Ermanz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Ermanz","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Labs","AT&T-Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T-Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073240391","display_name":"Vijay Gopalakrishnanz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Gopalakrishnanz","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Labs","AT&T-Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T-Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058254470","display_name":"Rittwik Janaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rittwik Janaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Labs","AT&T-Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T-Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090217809"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9862,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97987207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.795437216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwarding-plane","display_name":"Forwarding plane","score":0.6329005360603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.6218149662017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5879313349723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5631740689277649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5524314641952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-virtualization","display_name":"Network virtualization","score":0.5196465253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5128545761108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4578811228275299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.45568349957466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-network","display_name":"Core network","score":0.4337392747402191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-functions-virtualization","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","score":0.4296186566352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.4183439016342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4175602197647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.396894246339798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.39467933773994446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.1321374475955963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.795437216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.6329005360603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.6218149662017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5879313349723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5631740689277649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5524314641952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779898492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Network virtualization","level":4,"score":0.5196465253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5128545761108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4578811228275299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.45568349957466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5038329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Core network","level":2,"score":0.4337392747402191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200789330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7000834","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.4296186566352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.4183439016342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4175602197647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.396894246339798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.39467933773994446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.1321374475955963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lanman.2015.7114735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lanman.2015.7114735","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 21st IEEE International Workshop on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1435010830","https://openalex.org/W2071644788","https://openalex.org/W2078831729","https://openalex.org/W2144127235","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2147982176","https://openalex.org/W2492524616","https://openalex.org/W3163382104","https://openalex.org/W6628561984","https://openalex.org/W6681892299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214777079","https://openalex.org/W3122360749","https://openalex.org/W2547441564","https://openalex.org/W2051935741","https://openalex.org/W4377224402","https://openalex.org/W4243609393","https://openalex.org/W4211055425","https://openalex.org/W2909024109","https://openalex.org/W2596544663","https://openalex.org/W2520562984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"function":[1],"virtualization":[2],"(NFV)":[3],"promises":[4],"significant":[5],"cost":[6],"savings,":[7],"flexibility":[8],"and":[9,66,84,122,147,163,184],"ease":[10],"of":[11,40,64,72,106,120,142,158],"deployment.":[12],"However,":[13],"potential":[14,53,150],"challenges":[15],"in":[16,55],"implementing":[17],"virtualized":[18,177,186],"network":[19,59,94],"elements":[20,75,95,175,188],"that":[21,43,136,170,185],"can":[22,44,179],"support":[23],"real-world":[24],"performance":[25,153,182],"requirements":[26],"are":[27],"still":[28],"an":[29,126],"open":[30],"question.":[31],"For":[32],"example,":[33],"traditional":[34],"telecom":[35],"networks":[36],"have":[37,180],"a":[38,62,104,111,149,156],"lot":[39],"complex":[41],"interdependencies":[42,160],"affect":[45],"performance.":[46],"In":[47,132],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50,68,134],"study":[51],"the":[52,70,117,137,143,159],"bottlenecks":[54,154,183],"virtualizing":[56],"cellular":[57,93,113],"core":[58,130],"functions.":[60],"Using":[61],"combination":[63],"analysis":[65],"experimentation,":[67],"quantify":[69],"impact":[71],"software-based":[73,92],"EPC":[74,174,187],"on":[76,97,125],"various":[77],"metrics":[78],"including":[79],"physical":[80],"processing,":[81],"memory,":[82],"IO,":[83],"bandwidth":[85],"resource":[86],"requirements.":[87],"We":[88],"use":[89],"production":[90],"grade,":[91],"running":[96],"general":[98],"purpose":[99],"Linux":[100],"servers,":[101],"driven":[102],"by":[103],"variety":[105],"realistic":[107],"workloads":[108],"derived":[109],"from":[110],"realworld":[112],"network,":[114],"to":[115,190],"examine":[116],"combined":[118],"effects":[119],"control":[121,144,162],"data":[123,164],"planes":[124],"LTE":[127],"enhanced":[128],"packet":[129],"(EPC).":[131],"particular,":[133],"discover":[135],"SGW":[138],"handles":[139],"about":[140],"33%":[141],"plane":[145,165],"transactions":[146],"is":[148],"source":[151],"for":[152],"as":[155],"result":[157],"between":[161],"processing.":[166],"Our":[167],"results":[168],"indicate":[169],"simply":[171],"replacing":[172],"existing":[173],"with":[176],"equivalents":[178],"severe":[181],"need":[189],"be":[191],"carefully":[192],"designed.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
