{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412482365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jurse60372.2025.11076080","title":"Evaluating the Ability to Map the Degree of Informality within a City using a Scalable, Machine Learning Methodology in Nairobi, Kenya","display_name":"Evaluating the Ability to Map the Degree of Informality within a City using a Scalable, Machine Learning Methodology in Nairobi, Kenya","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412482365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jurse60372.2025.11076080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jurse60372.2025.11076080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jurse60372.2025.11076080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE60372.2025.11076080>)","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045808718","display_name":"Ryan Engstrom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-0551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Engstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Washington Univeristy,Washington, D.C.,United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington Univeristy,Washington, D.C.,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Akhil Bharadwaj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhil Bharadwaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Washington Univeristy,Washington, D.C.,United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington Univeristy,Washington, D.C.,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040577018","display_name":"Maxwell Owusu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxwell Owusu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente,Enschede,Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente,Enschede,Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077137261","display_name":"Qunshan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-9457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102474","display_name":"Urban Big Data Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/010e6zk56","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qunshan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870","https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059324975","display_name":"Sebastian H\u00e4fner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3560-638X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102474","display_name":"Urban Big Data Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/010e6zk56","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Hafner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870","https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059871347","display_name":"Monika Kuffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1915-2069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monika Kuffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente,Enschede,Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente,Enschede,Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107012825","display_name":"Francis C. Onyambu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129448","display_name":"African Population and Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/032ztsj35","country_code":"KE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129448"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis C. Onyambu","raw_affiliation_strings":["APHRC,Nairobi,Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"APHRC,Nairobi,Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006583261","display_name":"Caroline Kabaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-5243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129448","display_name":"African Population and Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/032ztsj35","country_code":"KE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129448"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Kabaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["APHRC,Nairobi,Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"APHRC,Nairobi,Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102921329","display_name":"Peter Elia\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-6535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197610006","display_name":"University of Lagos","ror":"https://ror.org/05rk03822","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Elias","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117695627","display_name":"Oluwatoyin Odulana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102474","display_name":"Urban Big Data Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/010e6zk56","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwatoyin Odulana","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870","https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011077247","display_name":"Grant Tregonning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9649-7653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197610006","display_name":"University of Lagos","ror":"https://ror.org/05rk03822","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grant Tregonning","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117695628","display_name":"Bunmi Alugbin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197610006","display_name":"University of Lagos","ror":"https://ror.org/05rk03822","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bunmi Alugbin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119008837","display_name":"Kehinda Baruwa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197610006","display_name":"University of Lagos","ror":"https://ror.org/05rk03822","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kehinda Baruwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197610006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048993074","display_name":"Dana R. Thomson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9507-9123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5873027","display_name":"Columbia International University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p2bvc62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5873027"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dana R. Thomson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University,CIESIN,New York,United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University,CIESIN,New York,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930","https://openalex.org/I5873027"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042045970","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Porto de Albuquerque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102474","display_name":"Urban Big Data Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/010e6zk56","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao Porto De Albuquerque","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,UBDC,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870","https://openalex.org/I4210102474"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16872097,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9429000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.7918553352355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7611672878265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6358581781387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41878604888916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38297155499458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10897138714790344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.7918553352355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7611672878265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6358581781387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41878604888916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38297155499458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10897138714790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jurse60372.2025.11076080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jurse60372.2025.11076080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:360269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE60372.2025.11076080>)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/89b1667c-507d-475e-99cc-1e8750d9aa1a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/89b1667c-507d-475e-99cc-1e8750d9aa1a","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/500278442/Evaluating_the_Ability_to_Map_the_Degree_of_Informality_within_a_City_using_a_Scalable_Machine_Learning_Methodology_in_Nairobi_Kenya.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Engstrom, R, Bharadwaj, A, Owusu, M, Zhao, Q, Hafner, S, Kuffer, M, Onyambu, F C, Kabaria, C, Elias, P, Odulana, O, Tregonning, G, Alugbin, B, Baruwa, K, Thomson, D R & De Albuquerque, J P 2025, Evaluating the ability to map the degree of informality within a city using a scalable, machine learning methodology in Nairobi, Kenya. in 2025 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, pp. 1-4, 17th Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, JURSE 2025, Tunis, Tunisia, 5/05/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE60372.2025.11076080","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:360269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE60372.2025.11076080>)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500265423","https://openalex.org/W2020286082","https://openalex.org/W2041866818","https://openalex.org/W2070512596","https://openalex.org/W2145970940","https://openalex.org/W2169772601","https://openalex.org/W2345272913","https://openalex.org/W2516854745","https://openalex.org/W2531213996","https://openalex.org/W2588173298","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2768952521","https://openalex.org/W2781184069","https://openalex.org/W2951768252","https://openalex.org/W2969968134","https://openalex.org/W3013840624","https://openalex.org/W3092555353","https://openalex.org/W3186770666","https://openalex.org/W3207147337","https://openalex.org/W4210682532","https://openalex.org/W4281568786","https://openalex.org/W4388490090","https://openalex.org/W4391627485","https://openalex.org/W6799422400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Updatable":[0],"and":[1,12,53,71,128,167],"scalable":[2,110],"maps":[3,36],"of":[4,59,92,118,180],"urban":[5],"deprivation":[6,93],"are":[7,54,151],"needed":[8],"to":[9,79,87,114,125,136,171,175],"plan,":[10],"upgrade,":[11],"monitor":[13],"dynamic":[14],"neighborhood-level":[15],"changes":[16],"within":[17,94],"developing":[18],"world":[19],"cities,":[20],"especially":[21,141],"in":[22,142],"Sub-Saharan":[23],"Africa.":[24],"Earth":[25],"Observation":[26],"data":[27,150,165],"provides":[28],"a":[29,95],"promising":[30],"solution":[31],"for":[32],"consistent,":[33],"accurate":[34],"high-resolution":[35],"globally.":[37],"However,":[38],"most":[39,58],"studies":[40],"use":[41],"very":[42],"high":[43],"spatial":[44],"resolution":[45],"images,":[46],"which":[47],"often":[48],"cover":[49],"only":[50,64,68],"small":[51],"areas":[52,144],"cost":[55],"prohibitive.":[56],"Additionally,":[57],"the":[60,90,143,148,163,168,178],"previous":[61],"work":[62,76,99,154],"has":[63,77],"focused":[65],"on":[66,101,147,157,162],"distinguishing":[67],"between":[69],"slums":[70],"formal":[72],"areas.":[73],"Our":[74],"current":[75],"started":[78],"look":[80,88],"into":[81],"moving":[82],"beyond,":[83],"slum-non":[84],"slum":[85,139],"dichotomy":[86],"at":[89],"degree":[91,117,179],"city.":[96],"Therefore,":[97],"this":[98,116],"focuses":[100],"determining":[102],"if":[103],"we":[104],"can":[105],"expand":[106],"our":[107,122,146,173],"slum,":[108],"non-slum,":[109],"machine":[111],"learning":[112],"approaches":[113],"represent":[115],"deprivation.":[119],"This":[120],"is":[121],"first":[123],"attempt":[124],"do":[126],"this,":[127],"model":[129,169],"results":[130],"indicate":[131],"moderate":[132],"accuracy,":[133],"but":[134],"tend":[135],"over":[137],"predict":[138],"areas,":[140],"where":[145],"ground":[149,164],"captured.":[152],"Future":[153],"should":[155],"focus":[156],"understanding":[158],"modeling":[159],"uncertainty,":[160],"expanding":[161],"locations,":[166],"inputs":[170],"determine":[172],"ability":[174],"scale":[176],"up":[177],"informality":[181],"data.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}