{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123347041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2025.3647034","title":"Strategic Decision-Making Under Uncertainty Through Bilevel Game Theory and Distributionally Robust Optimization","display_name":"Strategic Decision-Making Under Uncertainty Through Bilevel Game Theory and Distributionally Robust Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123347041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2025.3647034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2025.3647034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2025.3647034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122870028","display_name":"Jiachen Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiachen Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-497X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100532528","display_name":"Jian Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5777-3678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122868920","display_name":"Lei Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-310X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102413164","display_name":"Chenye Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenye Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5730-916X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-2726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137146","display_name":"Hong Kong Academy of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/036b4vb45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137146"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Environment and Sustainability, Academy of Interdisciplinary Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-2726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Environment and Sustainability, Academy of Interdisciplinary Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137146","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122907435","display_name":"Choong Seon Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choong Seon Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-7333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122896218","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04295815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"63","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11413","display_name":"Risk and Portfolio Optimization","score":0.5892999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11413","display_name":"Risk and Portfolio Optimization","score":0.5892999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.05779999867081642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.05570000037550926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.8657000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-optimization","display_name":"Robust optimization","score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guard","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complete-information","display_name":"Complete information","score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.31869998574256897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.8657000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.705299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193254401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2160088","display_name":"Robust optimization","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137631369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617831","display_name":"Stochastic programming","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194387892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747770","display_name":"Stochastic optimization","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31531917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q915157","display_name":"Robust control","level":3,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781416736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105354050","display_name":"Cooperative game theory","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989514635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization problem","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2025.3647034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2025.3647034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-168629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-168629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6503799557685852,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1032149597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ITF-ITS/056/22MX","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321920","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Technology Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1228774573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ITS/052/23MX","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321920","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Technology Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2867315130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2338158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3103538302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1-CDKK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3703983152","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G-SAC8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4144023154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2302469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5188290483","display_name":"\u77e5\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30a2\u30af\u30c1\u30e5\u30a8\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u901a\u4fe1\u53ca\u3073\u77e5\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u51e6\u7406\u57fa\u76e4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"JPMJAP2326","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321920","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/04vf9tr09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"strategic":[1],"scenarios":[2],"where":[3],"decision-makers":[4],"operate":[5],"at":[6],"different":[7],"hierarchical":[8,56],"levels,":[9],"traditional":[10,140],"optimization":[11,44],"methods":[12,142],"often":[13],"fail":[14],"to":[15,61,69,85,112,133,139,155],"adequately":[16],"handle":[17],"uncertainties":[18],"arising":[19],"from":[20],"incomplete":[21],"information":[22],"or":[23],"unpredictable":[24],"external":[25],"factors.":[26],"To":[27,75],"fill":[28],"this":[29,114],"gap,":[30],"we":[31],"introduce":[32],"a":[33,91,104,109,134,145],"mathematical":[34],"framework":[35],"that":[36,124],"integrates":[37],"bilevel":[38,59,88],"game":[39],"theory":[40],"with":[41],"distributionally":[42],"robust":[43],"(DRO),":[45],"particularly":[46],"suited":[47],"for":[48],"complex":[49],"network":[50],"systems.":[51],"Our":[52],"approach":[53],"leverages":[54],"the":[55,79,87,97,128],"structure":[57],"of":[58,148],"games":[60],"model":[62,130],"leader\u2013follower":[63],"interactions":[64],"while":[65,143],"incorporating":[66],"distributional":[67],"robustness":[68,161],"guard":[70],"against":[71],"worst-case":[72],"probability":[73],"distributions.":[74],"ensure":[76],"computational":[77],"tractability,":[78],"Karush\u2013Kuhn\u2013Tucker":[80],"(KKT)":[81],"conditions":[82],"are":[83],"used":[84],"transform":[86],"challenge":[89],"into":[90,103],"more":[92],"manageable":[93],"single-level":[94],"model,":[95],"and":[96,160,168],"infinite-dimensional":[98],"DRO":[99],"problem":[100],"is":[101],"reformulated":[102],"finite":[105],"equivalent.":[106],"We":[107],"propose":[108],"generalized":[110],"algorithm":[111],"solve":[113],"integrated":[115],"model.":[116],"Simulation":[117],"results":[118],"validate":[119],"our":[120],"framework\u2019s":[121],"efficacy,":[122],"demonstrating":[123],"under":[125],"high":[126],"uncertainty,":[127],"proposed":[129],"achieves":[131],"up":[132],"22%":[135],"cost":[136],"reduction":[137],"compared":[138],"stochastic":[141],"maintaining":[144],"service":[146],"level":[147],"over":[149],"90%.":[150],"This":[151],"highlights":[152],"its":[153],"potential":[154],"significantly":[156],"improve":[157],"decision":[158],"quality":[159],"in":[162],"networked":[163],"systems":[164],"such":[165],"as":[166],"transportation":[167],"communication":[169],"networks.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-22T06:01:30.510260","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
