{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380839028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2023.3280927","title":"Artificial-Neural-Network-Based Autonomous Demand Response Controller for Thermostatically Controlled Loads","display_name":"Artificial-Neural-Network-Based Autonomous Demand Response Controller for Thermostatically Controlled Loads","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380839028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2023.3280927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2023.3280927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2023.3280927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bilal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-9874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152837","display_name":"Dhahran Health Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03pjj1n42","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I2800952698","https://openalex.org/I4210143841","https://openalex.org/I4210152837"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Building Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal QC, Canada","K.A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-9874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Building Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"K.A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090360842","display_name":"Saifullah Shafiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-4776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saifullah Shafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-4776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001054886","display_name":"Ali T. Al\u2010Awami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0062-2013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152837","display_name":"Dhahran Health Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03pjj1n42","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I2800952698","https://openalex.org/I4210143841","https://openalex.org/I4210152837"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali T. Al-Awami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics at KFUPM, Saudi Arabia","K.A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0062-2013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics at KFUPM, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"K.A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9817,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75096495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"5014","last_page":"5022"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.8490418791770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.7155023813247681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5931729674339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.5319569110870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5085047483444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.49605950713157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.47189316153526306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4707672595977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.46788567304611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4577942490577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.45493823289871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39739087224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3921288251876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3763529062271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.26673781871795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.2026868760585785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.16256186366081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15307646989822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.15203076601028442}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.8490418791770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.7155023813247681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5931729674339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.5319569110870361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5085047483444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.49605950713157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.47189316153526306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4707672595977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.46788567304611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4577942490577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.45493823289871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39739087224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3921288251876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3763529062271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.26673781871795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.2026868760585785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.16256186366081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15307646989822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.15203076601028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2023.3280927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2023.3280927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1609462457","https://openalex.org/W1977445582","https://openalex.org/W1993362534","https://openalex.org/W1999913837","https://openalex.org/W2009022268","https://openalex.org/W2027037246","https://openalex.org/W2055839758","https://openalex.org/W2090227290","https://openalex.org/W2105402504","https://openalex.org/W2127290751","https://openalex.org/W2473736201","https://openalex.org/W2541091099","https://openalex.org/W2883233459","https://openalex.org/W2914396823","https://openalex.org/W2916302992","https://openalex.org/W2916514444","https://openalex.org/W2916904057","https://openalex.org/W2949259665","https://openalex.org/W2963891311","https://openalex.org/W2964131586","https://openalex.org/W2971562237","https://openalex.org/W2972897953","https://openalex.org/W2985146669","https://openalex.org/W3000789701","https://openalex.org/W3012076232","https://openalex.org/W3034272367","https://openalex.org/W3170196437","https://openalex.org/W3174552089","https://openalex.org/W3197929719","https://openalex.org/W3202441821","https://openalex.org/W4225677161","https://openalex.org/W4285121779","https://openalex.org/W4312721835","https://openalex.org/W6802433092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171108821","https://openalex.org/W2353074559","https://openalex.org/W2074513827","https://openalex.org/W1498762745","https://openalex.org/W2402141875","https://openalex.org/W1589973774","https://openalex.org/W148990555","https://openalex.org/W2023642087","https://openalex.org/W2392147676","https://openalex.org/W2035833777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thermostatically":[0],"controlled":[1],"loads":[2,102],"(TCLs)":[3],"possess":[4],"an":[5,91],"inherent":[6],"potential":[7],"for":[8,37],"demand-side":[9],"management":[10],"(DSM).":[11],"Space":[12],"heating":[13],"(SH)":[14],"demands":[15],"offer":[16],"added":[17],"flexibility":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,78,114,128],"their":[21],"heat-storing":[22,54],"capability":[23],"and":[24,71,86,156],"fast":[25],"response":[26,45],"times":[27],"that":[28,51,99],"may":[29],"be":[30],"unnoticed,":[31],"but":[32],"it":[33],"has":[34,48],"significant":[35],"value":[36],"DSM.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"article,":[41],"a":[42],"communication-free":[43],"demand":[44],"(DR)":[46],"controller":[47,64,76,143],"been":[49],"presented":[50],"harnesses":[52],"the":[53,80,94,100,109,116,124,130,136,159],"capacity":[55],"of":[56,139],"residential":[57,117],"buildings":[58],"by":[59,82],"utilizing":[60],"TCLs.":[61],"The":[62,74,142],"proposed":[63,95,125],"addresses":[65],"customer":[66],"voltage":[67,85,119,132],"violations,":[68],"comfort":[69,138],"constraints,":[70],"energy":[72],"savings.":[73],"DR":[75],"attempts":[77],"control":[79,96],"TCLs":[81],"relying":[83],"on":[84],"voltage-to-load":[87],"sensitivity.":[88],"By":[89],"deploying":[90],"artificial-neural-network-based":[92],"model,":[93],"scheme":[97],"ensures":[98],"SH":[101],"connected":[103],"at":[104],"spatially":[105],"distributed":[106,148],"nodes":[107],"in":[108,158],"power":[110],"system":[111,131,151],"participate":[112],"fairly":[113],"mitigate":[115],"grid":[118],"violations.":[120],"Simulation":[121],"results":[122],"verify":[123],"controller's":[126],"performance":[127],"revamp":[129],"profiles":[133],"while":[134],"maintaining":[135],"desired":[137],"end":[140],"users.":[141],"is":[144],"successfully":[145],"tested":[146],"with":[147],"generation":[149],"integration,":[150],"reconfiguration,":[152],"severe":[153],"ambient":[154],"temperature,":[155],"noise":[157],"measured":[160],"signals.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
