{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312923421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3222262","title":"Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) Based Virtual Inertia Control for Inverter-Interfacing DGs in Microgrids","display_name":"Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) Based Virtual Inertia Control for Inverter-Interfacing DGs in Microgrids","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312923421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3222262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2022.3222262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3222262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048023730","display_name":"Osarodion E. Egbomwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8086-5554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Osarodion Emmanuel Egbomwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682515","display_name":"Shichao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-161X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shichao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074897163","display_name":"Hicham Chaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-3653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hicham Chaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048023730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9402,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97041329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"2122","last_page":"2132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6479305028915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.6095901727676392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertia","display_name":"Inertia","score":0.5956003069877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-deviation","display_name":"Frequency deviation","score":0.5759469866752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4560648202896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.4106556475162506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39164382219314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3337920010089874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3008946478366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14375469088554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08711948990821838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6479305028915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.6095901727676392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110407247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122508","display_name":"Inertia","level":2,"score":0.5956003069877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.5759469866752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4560648202896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.4106556475162506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39164382219314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3337920010089874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3008946478366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14375469088554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08711948990821838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2022.3222262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3222262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093855461","https://openalex.org/W2560806244","https://openalex.org/W2766188596","https://openalex.org/W2778736986","https://openalex.org/W2908969908","https://openalex.org/W2944324895","https://openalex.org/W2965281387","https://openalex.org/W2973460848","https://openalex.org/W2994779380","https://openalex.org/W3003303990","https://openalex.org/W3006319150","https://openalex.org/W3015979257","https://openalex.org/W3018151357","https://openalex.org/W3020079139","https://openalex.org/W3032510662","https://openalex.org/W3033672499","https://openalex.org/W3039954472","https://openalex.org/W3041723126","https://openalex.org/W3046295369","https://openalex.org/W3048009535","https://openalex.org/W3048697123","https://openalex.org/W3080768274","https://openalex.org/W3104137078","https://openalex.org/W3108288031","https://openalex.org/W3109689360","https://openalex.org/W3110444101","https://openalex.org/W3111340579","https://openalex.org/W3112804989","https://openalex.org/W3118718192","https://openalex.org/W3125305186","https://openalex.org/W3133427130","https://openalex.org/W3139299370","https://openalex.org/W3144108089","https://openalex.org/W3162590563","https://openalex.org/W3182328409","https://openalex.org/W3190079665","https://openalex.org/W3195447356","https://openalex.org/W3199451960","https://openalex.org/W3199571234","https://openalex.org/W3212537746","https://openalex.org/W4214759040","https://openalex.org/W4294719302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2892695466","https://openalex.org/W3127790372","https://openalex.org/W2382782532","https://openalex.org/W3189530625","https://openalex.org/W3168778428","https://openalex.org/W2779431316","https://openalex.org/W4289260695","https://openalex.org/W4214912341","https://openalex.org/W2090419309","https://openalex.org/W3136898829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Environmental":[0],"and":[1,29,46,53,63,138,163,182],"energy":[2,27,68],"security":[3],"concerns":[4],"lead":[5],"to":[6,16,92,187],"the":[7,30,67,135,139,148,168,189,192],"continuous":[8],"displacement":[9],"of":[10,25,32,57,59,66,126,134,177,191],"traditional":[11],"fossil":[12],"fuel-based":[13],"power":[14,17,36,43],"generation":[15],"electronics":[18],"interfaced":[19],"distributed":[20],"generations":[21],"(DGs).":[22],"Increasing":[23],"penetration":[24],"renewable":[26],"sources":[28],"substitution":[31],"synchronous":[33],"generators":[34],"with":[35,71,128,156],"electronic":[37],"converters":[38],"have":[39],"resulted":[40],"in":[41,79,96,160],"reduced":[42],"system":[44,70],"inertia":[45,81,88,98,109,151,171],"damping.":[47],"This":[48],"causes":[49],"large":[50],"frequency":[51,77,94,102,124,161],"deviations":[52],"a":[54,72,107,113,157,174],"higher":[55],"rate":[56],"change":[58],"frequency.":[60],"The":[61,84,144],"fast":[62,123],"flexible":[64],"nature":[65],"storage":[69],"designed":[73],"controller":[74,89],"can":[75],"achieve":[76],"stability":[78],"low":[80,97],"microgrids":[82],"(MGs).":[83],"conventional":[85,140,169],"proportional-integral-based":[86],"virtual":[87,108,150,170],"is":[90,142],"unable":[91],"eliminate":[93],"instability":[95],"MG.":[99],"To":[100],"enhance":[101],"stability,":[103],"this":[104],"article":[105],"proposes":[106],"emulation":[110],"strategy":[111],"using":[112],"twin":[114],"delayed":[115],"deep":[116],"deterministic":[117],"policy":[118],"gradient":[119],"(TD3)":[120],"algorithm":[121],"for":[122],"regulation":[125],"MGs":[127],"inverter-based":[129],"DGs.":[130],"A":[131],"comparative":[132],"analysis":[133],"TD3":[136],"scheme":[137],"method":[141],"made.":[143],"results":[145,184],"show":[146],"that":[147],"TD3-based":[149],"control":[152,172,194],"provides":[153],"better":[154],"tracking":[155],"56.6%":[158],"reduction":[159],"deviation":[162],"faster":[164],"transient":[165],"recovery":[166],"than":[167],"against":[173],"broad":[175],"range":[176],"operational":[178],"scenarios.":[179],"Performance":[180],"metrics":[181],"simulation":[183],"are":[185],"shown":[186],"demonstrate":[188],"feasibility":[190],"proposed":[193],"scheme.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}