{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296079275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3201777","title":"On Convergence Probability of Direct Acyclic Graph-Based Ledgers in Forking Blockchain Systems","display_name":"On Convergence Probability of Direct Acyclic Graph-Based Ledgers in Forking Blockchain Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296079275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3201777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2022.3201777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3201777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/ca1834a4-8321-4f0d-b1f4-7d517570b27d","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029156022","display_name":"Zhilan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-5273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhilan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074392353","display_name":"Shuping Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-815X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuping Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-815X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012060181","display_name":"Zhenrong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-6637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenrong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-6637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4906,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91243838,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"1121","last_page":"1124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6335831880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6081945896148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5839686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain-monte-carlo","display_name":"Markov chain Monte Carlo","score":0.5357666611671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5140057802200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.49612340331077576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.49097636342048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4476081430912018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4126013517379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.37509846687316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37255069613456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31286266446113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.31257182359695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.09186238050460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.08058395981788635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07965326309204102}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6335831880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6081945896148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5839686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111350023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191869","display_name":"Markov chain Monte Carlo","level":3,"score":0.5357666611671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5140057802200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.49612340331077576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.49097636342048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4476081430912018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4126013517379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.37509846687316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37255069613456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31286266446113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31257182359695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.09186238050460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.08058395981788635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07965326309204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2022.3201777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2022.3201777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/ca1834a4-8321-4f0d-b1f4-7d517570b27d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/ca1834a4-8321-4f0d-b1f4-7d517570b27d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Xie, Z, Dang, S & Zhang, Z 2023, 'On Convergence Probability of Direct Acyclic Graph-Based Ledgers in Forking Blockchain Systems', IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, 9894106, pp. 1121-1124. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2022.3201777","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/ca1834a4-8321-4f0d-b1f4-7d517570b27d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1983/ca1834a4-8321-4f0d-b1f4-7d517570b27d","pdf_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/389219917/FINAL_VERSION_2_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Xie, Z, Dang, S & Zhang, Z 2023, 'On Convergence Probability of Direct Acyclic Graph-Based Ledgers in Forking Blockchain Systems', IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, 9894106, pp. 1121-1124. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2022.3201777","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/ca1834a4-8321-4f0d-b1f4-7d517570b27d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/ca1834a4-8321-4f0d-b1f4-7d517570b27d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Xie, Z, Dang, S & Zhang, Z 2023, 'On Convergence Probability of Direct Acyclic Graph-Based Ledgers in Forking Blockchain Systems', IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, 9894106, pp. 1121-1124. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2022.3201777","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885623796","https://openalex.org/W2945287947","https://openalex.org/W2979839243","https://openalex.org/W2996848732","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3030941702","https://openalex.org/W3058760796","https://openalex.org/W3088527522","https://openalex.org/W3183673024","https://openalex.org/W4293649164","https://openalex.org/W6635294131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W3016961585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direct":[0],"acyclic":[1],"graph":[2],"(DAG)-based":[3],"ledger":[4],"is":[5,70,84],"a":[6,17,96],"promising":[7],"technology":[8],"for":[9],"the":[10,48,56,67,71,79,104,108,115,118,132,143,146,150,154],"Internet":[11],"of":[12,55,60,73,78,103,117,145,153],"things":[13],"(IoT).":[14],"Compared":[15],"with":[16,137],"single-chain":[18],"topology,":[19],"DAG":[20],"and":[21,42,58,99,149],"forking":[22],"blockchain":[23],"topology":[24],"can":[25],"solve":[26],"some":[27],"problems":[28],"in":[29],"IoT,":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32],"high":[33,36],"resource":[34],"consumption,":[35],"transaction":[37,40,81],"fee,":[38],"low":[39],"throughput,":[41],"long":[43],"confirmation":[44],"delay.":[45],"We":[46],"propose":[47],"convergence":[49,68,105,155],"probability":[50,69,72,106],"to":[51],"aid":[52],"further":[53],"analysis":[54],"performance":[57],"security":[59],"DAG-based":[61],"ledgers.":[62],"Under":[63],"unsteady":[64],"load":[65],"regimes,":[66],"each":[74],"possible":[75],"cumulative":[76],"weight":[77],"observed":[80],"when":[82],"it":[83],"approved":[85],"by":[86],"all":[87],"new":[88],"arrival":[89],"transactions.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"article,":[93],"we":[94,113],"derive":[95],"closed-form":[97],"expression":[98,102,148,152],"an":[100],"approximate":[101,151],"under":[107],"high-to-low":[109],"regime":[110],"(H2LR).":[111],"Also,":[112],"verify":[114],"accuracy":[116,144],"derived":[119],"expressions":[120],"through":[121],"Markov":[122],"chain":[123],"Monte":[124],"Carlo":[125],"(MCMC)":[126],"simulations.":[127],"Numerical":[128],"results":[129,134],"shows":[130],"that":[131],"simulation":[133],"match":[135],"well":[136],"its":[138],"analytical":[139],"results,":[140],"which":[141],"indicates":[142],"exact":[147],"probability.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}