{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170249686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2021.3077351","title":"A Model-Based Systems Architecting and Integration Approach Using Interlevel and Intralevel Dependency Matrix","display_name":"A Model-Based Systems Architecting and Integration Approach Using Interlevel and Intralevel Dependency Matrix","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170249686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2021.3077351","mag":"3170249686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2021.3077351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2021.3077351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032611661","display_name":"Shatad Purohit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-148X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shatad Purohit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronautical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-148X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronautical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053541626","display_name":"Azad M. Madni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5225-0034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azad M. Madni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronautical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5225-0034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronautical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92712895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"747","last_page":"754"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-structure-matrix","display_name":"Design structure matrix","score":0.6805819869041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6233139634132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.5613265633583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.48773202300071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems","display_name":"System of systems","score":0.48040226101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.47526806592941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.45116403698921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-integration","display_name":"System integration","score":0.43294888734817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4083583354949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.37009531259536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23151355981826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10836857557296753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85308350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200667","display_name":"Design structure matrix","level":2,"score":0.6805819869041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6233139634132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5613265633583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.48773202300071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.48040226101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.47526806592941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.45116403698921204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665453","display_name":"System integration","level":2,"score":0.43294888734817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4083583354949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.37009531259536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23151355981826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10836857557296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2021.3077351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2021.3077351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571690421","https://openalex.org/W615905155","https://openalex.org/W1489117301","https://openalex.org/W1496395723","https://openalex.org/W1572686436","https://openalex.org/W1592312990","https://openalex.org/W1971537522","https://openalex.org/W1973769600","https://openalex.org/W1979914041","https://openalex.org/W2000848810","https://openalex.org/W2012177483","https://openalex.org/W2090866850","https://openalex.org/W2100404317","https://openalex.org/W2513022004","https://openalex.org/W2552310346","https://openalex.org/W2582702173","https://openalex.org/W2594408665","https://openalex.org/W2604929641","https://openalex.org/W2743141836","https://openalex.org/W2769316278","https://openalex.org/W2800829932","https://openalex.org/W2801598934","https://openalex.org/W2914438552","https://openalex.org/W2990888708","https://openalex.org/W3016279123","https://openalex.org/W3142959234","https://openalex.org/W4253747006","https://openalex.org/W4255179379","https://openalex.org/W6611150029","https://openalex.org/W6638621185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967539800","https://openalex.org/W2044923615","https://openalex.org/W2348441411","https://openalex.org/W2393983120","https://openalex.org/W2369406459","https://openalex.org/W2351546931","https://openalex.org/W4309224807","https://openalex.org/W2980267242","https://openalex.org/W2364199697","https://openalex.org/W2012743630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45,162,191,222],"way":[1],"system":[2,8,33,67,83,111,138,147,189,208,219],"architects":[3,34],"typically":[4],"decompose":[5],"a":[6,65,81,87,114,146,218],"high-level":[7],"architecture":[9,38,112,209],"has":[10],"an":[11],"outsized":[12],"impact":[13],"on":[14,29],"interface":[15],"complexity":[16,134],"of":[17,32,39,47,53,71,117,135,217],"systems":[18,25,48,226],"and":[19,35,56,94,105,153,179,202,213,228],"system-of-systems":[20],"(SoS).":[21],"In":[22,75],"existing":[23],"practice,":[24],"are":[26],"decomposed":[27,93],"based":[28],"empirical":[30],"knowledge":[31],"the":[36,60,69,72,110,127,133,136,176,215,225],"prevailing":[37],"organizations":[40],"responsible":[41],"for":[42],"developing":[43],"systems.":[44],"decomposition":[46,61],"(and":[49,84],"SoS)":[50],"involves":[51],"aspects":[52],"engineering,":[54],"management,":[55],"social":[57],"sciences.":[58],"How":[59],"approach":[62],"breaks":[63],"down":[64],"complex":[66,82,88],"determines":[68],"effectiveness":[70],"integration":[73,220,229],"strategy.":[74,221],"this":[76,160],"article,":[77],"we":[78],"recommend":[79],"that":[80,150,184],"more":[85,141],"specifically,":[86],"sociotechnical":[89],"system)":[90],"should":[91],"be":[92,205],"aligned":[95],"along":[96],"five":[97],"perspectives":[98],"or":[99],"layers:":[100],"operation,":[101],"function,":[102],"physical,":[103],"implementation,":[104],"organization.":[106],"At":[107],"each":[108,122],"layer,":[109],"exhibits":[113],"certain":[115],"level":[116,128],"complexity.":[118],"Aligning":[119],"modules":[120,125,174],"at":[121,126],"layer":[123],"with":[124,170],"above":[129],"can":[130,204],"help":[131],"reduce":[132],"overall":[137],"making":[139],"it":[140],"manageable.":[142],"This":[143],"article":[144,192],"presents":[145],"architecting":[148,227],"methodology":[149,164],"employs":[151,165],"interlevel":[152],"intralevel":[154],"dependency":[155],"matrix":[156],"(I2DM)":[157],"to":[158,172,207,211],"enable":[159],"approach.":[161],"I2DM":[163],"stochastic":[166],"optimization":[167],"in":[168,175,188],"combination":[169],"heuristics":[171],"align":[173],"different":[177],"layers":[178],"then":[180],"identifies":[181],"problematic":[182],"interactions":[183],"could":[185],"pose":[186],"problems":[187],"integration.":[190],"also":[193,232],"describes":[194],"how":[195],"techniques":[196],"from":[197],"pattern":[198],"recognition,":[199],"data":[200],"analytics,":[201],"clustering":[203],"applied":[206],"models":[210],"formulate":[212],"assess":[214],"efficacy":[216],"ontology":[223],"underlying":[224],"strategy":[230],"is":[231],"presented.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}