{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3099136667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2020.3034416","title":"Particle Swarm Optimization on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Detecting Social Spam Bots and Spam-Influential Users in Twitter Network","display_name":"Particle Swarm Optimization on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Detecting Social Spam Bots and Spam-Influential Users in Twitter Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3099136667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2020.3034416","mag":"3099136667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2020.3034416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2020.3034416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044612896","display_name":"Greeshma Lingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6962-0254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121750182","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Warangal","ror":"https://ror.org/017ebfz38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greeshma Lingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6962-0254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079939425","display_name":"Rashmi Ranjan Rout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-6633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121750182","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Warangal","ror":"https://ror.org/017ebfz38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashmi Ranjan Rout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-6633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111965646","display_name":"D. V. L. N. Somayajulu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121750182","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Warangal","ror":"https://ror.org/017ebfz38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207223250","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/00gmd7q80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39244652","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram","ror":"https://ror.org/023c9pb11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39244652"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. V. L. N. Somayajulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, 506004, India","IIITDM, Kurnool, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal, 506004, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIITDM, Kurnool, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250","https://openalex.org/I39244652"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030936455","display_name":"Soumya K. Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8359-581X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soumya K. Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94393834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"2281","last_page":"2292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7681300640106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7579189538955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5760424733161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spambot","display_name":"Spambot","score":0.5584692358970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5327363610267639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5258092284202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamming","display_name":"Spamming","score":0.20821288228034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.18535387516021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1713721752166748}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7681300640106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7579189538955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5760424733161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127735637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306702","display_name":"Spambot","level":4,"score":0.5584692358970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5327363610267639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5258092284202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.20821288228034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.18535387516021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1713721752166748}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2020.3034416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2020.3034416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176212337","https://openalex.org/W1837843568","https://openalex.org/W1859314164","https://openalex.org/W2012917383","https://openalex.org/W2061820396","https://openalex.org/W2107112577","https://openalex.org/W2114926124","https://openalex.org/W2137052698","https://openalex.org/W2139297408","https://openalex.org/W2148719904","https://openalex.org/W2194966727","https://openalex.org/W2205698351","https://openalex.org/W2217748804","https://openalex.org/W2278635123","https://openalex.org/W2287228090","https://openalex.org/W2482219825","https://openalex.org/W2551957285","https://openalex.org/W2573614998","https://openalex.org/W2610541482","https://openalex.org/W2728455196","https://openalex.org/W2738273842","https://openalex.org/W2744616698","https://openalex.org/W2768919152","https://openalex.org/W2779799900","https://openalex.org/W2786537343","https://openalex.org/W2793412634","https://openalex.org/W2807982056","https://openalex.org/W2900547346","https://openalex.org/W2910448925","https://openalex.org/W2914738388","https://openalex.org/W2916302242","https://openalex.org/W2929242575","https://openalex.org/W2932977083","https://openalex.org/W2946092763","https://openalex.org/W2947570919","https://openalex.org/W2948079051","https://openalex.org/W2955864434","https://openalex.org/W2962763344","https://openalex.org/W2963720577","https://openalex.org/W2964229770","https://openalex.org/W2964292644","https://openalex.org/W2965055566","https://openalex.org/W2966158178","https://openalex.org/W2967762122","https://openalex.org/W2968404378","https://openalex.org/W2990531287","https://openalex.org/W2993615923","https://openalex.org/W2998483772","https://openalex.org/W3104378754","https://openalex.org/W3125182500","https://openalex.org/W4289253852","https://openalex.org/W6607169468"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,103,128],"online":[1],"social":[2,8,119],"networks":[3],"(OSNs),":[4],"detection":[5,158],"of":[6,18,66,95,148,167,181],"malicious":[7],"bots":[9,121],"is":[10],"an":[11,92,155],"important":[12],"research":[13],"challenge":[14],"to":[15,31,90,97,163],"provide":[16,47],"legitimacy":[17],"user":[19],"profiles":[20],"and":[21,58,141,190,197],"trustworthy":[22],"service":[23],"ratings.":[24],"Further,":[25,154],"spam-influential":[26,130],"users":[27,131],"must":[28],"be":[29],"minimal":[30],"control":[32],"the":[33,79,135,146,165,179],"fake":[34],"information-spread":[35],"in":[36,50,144,151,173],"OSNs.":[37],"Learning":[38],"from":[39],"example":[40],"patterns":[41],"using":[42,134],"supervised":[43],"learning":[44,71,74],"may":[45],"not":[46],"accurate":[48],"results":[49,177],"cases":[51],"where":[52],"existing":[53],"data":[54],"items":[55],"are":[56,132],"biased":[57],"bot":[59],"behavior":[60],"dynamically":[61],"changes":[62],"over":[63],"a":[64,82,100,108],"period":[65],"time.":[67],"Moreover,":[68],"deep":[69,84,114],"reinforcement":[70,85],"provides":[72],"improved":[73],"by":[75,122,185],"repeated":[76],"interactions":[77],"with":[78,125],"environment.":[80],"However,":[81],"typical":[83],"leaning":[86],"algorithm":[87,116,159],"converges":[88],"slower":[89],"find":[91],"optimal":[93],"sequence":[94],"actions":[96],"reach":[98],"out":[99],"goal":[101],"state.":[102],"this":[104],"article,":[105],"we":[106],"design":[107],"particle":[109],"swarm":[110],"optimization":[111],"(PSO)":[112],"based":[113],"Q-learning":[115],"for":[117],"detecting":[118],"spam":[120,137,168],"integrating":[123],"PSO":[124],"Q-value":[126],"function.":[127],"addition,":[129],"identified":[133],"proposed":[136,162,183],"influence":[138],"minimization":[139],"model":[140],"it":[142],"helps":[143],"restricting":[145],"flow":[147],"illegitimate":[149],"tweets":[150],"Twitter":[152,174,188],"network.":[153,175],"influential":[156,171],"community":[157],"has":[160],"been":[161],"reduce":[164],"spreading":[166],"content":[169],"through":[170],"communities":[172],"Experimental":[176],"illustrate":[178],"efficacy":[180],"our":[182],"algorithms":[184],"considering":[186],"two":[187],"datasets":[189],"performance":[191],"metrics":[192],"such":[193],"as":[194],"precision,":[195],"recall,":[196],"modularity.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}