{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2954305199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2019.2921554","title":"FreeTrack: Device-Free Human Tracking With Deep Neural Networks and Particle Filtering","display_name":"FreeTrack: Device-Free Human Tracking With Deep Neural Networks and Particle Filtering","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2954305199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2019.2921554","mag":"2954305199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2019.2921554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2019.2921554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071191374","display_name":"Rui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-9418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Sheng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-9418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Sheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102006508","display_name":"Mingjie Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8170-5824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjie Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Sheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Sheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062597647","display_name":"Ziyuan Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0333-4550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyuan Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Sheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Sheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078359928","display_name":"Meng Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-1926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Sheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Sheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81394356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"2990","last_page":"3000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7336248159408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.7139111757278442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6955400109291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6128474473953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5954261422157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5870468020439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.573222815990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5639270544052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5434492230415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5120044350624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4669533669948578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4606286585330963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.44464507699012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.40249350666999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37164807319641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34912869334220886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.30584368109703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.21512427926063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1126197874546051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7336248159408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.7139111757278442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6955400109291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6128474473953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5954261422157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5870468020439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.573222815990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5639270544052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5434492230415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5120044350624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4669533669948578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4606286585330963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.44464507699012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.40249350666999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37164807319641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34912869334220886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.30584368109703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.21512427926063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1126197874546051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2019.2921554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2019.2921554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570935779","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W2005059864","https://openalex.org/W2032306167","https://openalex.org/W2128190945","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2168821867","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2345276999","https://openalex.org/W2509382177","https://openalex.org/W2524477929","https://openalex.org/W2526606216","https://openalex.org/W2739582838","https://openalex.org/W2743415265","https://openalex.org/W2753866421","https://openalex.org/W2755767288","https://openalex.org/W2764026391","https://openalex.org/W2792312025","https://openalex.org/W2799081448","https://openalex.org/W2801789088","https://openalex.org/W2810466531","https://openalex.org/W2865154361","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W4250857377","https://openalex.org/W6634185882","https://openalex.org/W6637131181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2354248671","https://openalex.org/W2059045613","https://openalex.org/W4250215096","https://openalex.org/W2119209917","https://openalex.org/W2145047504","https://openalex.org/W2159179523","https://openalex.org/W2950791861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"tracking":[1,28],"is":[2,81,99,140,165],"of":[3,9,58,110,128,147,154,171,184,193],"key":[4],"importance":[5],"to":[6,19,83,88,106,116,135,142,167,205],"a":[7,26,196],"variety":[8],"applications.":[10],"Different":[11],"from":[12],"the":[13,17,47,63,69,78,85,89,125,129,133,144,152,169,172,190],"previous":[14],"approaches":[15],"requiring":[16],"targets":[18,86],"carry":[20],"electronic":[21],"devices,":[22],"this":[23],"paper":[24,114],"proposes":[25,115],"device-free":[27],"method":[29,80],"based":[30],"on":[31,119,163],"WiFi":[32,59,185],"channel":[33],"state":[34],"information":[35],"(CSI)":[36],"through":[37,76,93],"deep":[38],"neural":[39],"networks":[40],"(DNN)":[41],"and":[42,67,74,123,187,198],"particle":[43],"filtering":[44],"(PF).":[45],"In":[46],"area":[48],"covered":[49],"with":[50,97,158,180],"WiFi,":[51],"human":[52],"movements":[53],"may":[54],"cause":[55],"observable":[56],"variations":[57],"signals.":[60],"By":[61],"analyzing":[62],"CSI":[64,72,91],"fingerprint":[65],"patterns":[66],"modeling":[68],"dependency":[70],"between":[71],"fingerprints":[73,92],"locations":[75],"DNN,":[77],"proposed":[79,166],"able":[82],"localize":[84],"according":[87],"measured":[90],"DNN":[94,98,120,164],"regression.":[95],"Localization":[96],"accurate":[100],"for":[101],"static":[102],"targets,":[103],"yet":[104],"unable":[105],"form":[107,124],"reasonable":[108],"trajectories":[109,127,134,200],"moving":[111],"targets.":[112,130],"This":[113],"apply":[117],"PF":[118],"localization":[121],"results":[122],"walking":[126],"To":[131,156],"avoid":[132],"cross":[136],"obstacles,":[137],"map":[138],"matching":[139],"integrated":[141],"constrain":[143],"unreasonable":[145],"transfer":[146],"particles,":[148],"which":[149],"further":[150],"improves":[151],"precision":[153],"trajectories.":[155],"combat":[157],"environmental":[159,206],"variants,":[160],"fine":[161],"tuning":[162],"enhance":[168],"adaptivity":[170],"method.":[173],"Extensive":[174],"evaluations":[175],"in":[176],"two":[177],"representative":[178],"scenarios":[179],"only":[181],"one":[182],"pair":[183],"transmitter":[186],"receiver":[188],"achieve":[189],"high":[191],"accuracy":[192],"around":[194],"half":[195],"meter":[197],"precise":[199],"as":[201,203],"well":[202],"adaptation":[204],"variants.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}