{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904289843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2018.2883752","title":"Synchronization of Critical Infrastructures Dependent Upon GNSS: Current Vulnerabilities and Protection Provided by New Signals","display_name":"Synchronization of Critical Infrastructures Dependent Upon GNSS: Current Vulnerabilities and Protection Provided by New Signals","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904289843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2018.2883752","mag":"2904289843"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2018.2883752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2018.2883752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074261210","display_name":"Emanuela Falletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-4148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800599128","display_name":"Istituto Superiore Mario Boella","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6jfx28","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128","https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuela Falletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-4148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067515541","display_name":"Davide Margaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-2138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800599128","display_name":"Istituto Superiore Mario Boella","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6jfx28","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128","https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Margaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-2138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055833823","display_name":"Gianluca Marucco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2865-2302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800599128","display_name":"Istituto Superiore Mario Boella","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6jfx28","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128","https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Marucco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077742344","display_name":"B\u00e9atrice Motella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-8414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800599128","display_name":"Istituto Superiore Mario Boella","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6jfx28","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128","https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Motella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-8414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035730234","display_name":"Mario Nicola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800599128","display_name":"Istituto Superiore Mario Boella","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6jfx28","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128","https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Nicola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-2677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009839258","display_name":"Marco Pini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800599128","display_name":"Istituto Superiore Mario Boella","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6jfx28","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128","https://openalex.org/I4210155299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Pini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-3040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation Technologies Research Area, Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800599128"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91924583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"2118","last_page":"2129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9228371381759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.888331413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6952606439590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6363343000411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5811324715614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5359763503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4945990741252899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.42626842856407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39723581075668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29927676916122437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9228371381759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.888331413269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6952606439590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6363343000411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5811324715614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5359763503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4945990741252899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.42626842856407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39723581075668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29927676916122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2018.2883752","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2018.2883752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320306","display_name":"European GNSS Agency","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W1996587571","https://openalex.org/W2015086338","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W2134797712","https://openalex.org/W2169687862","https://openalex.org/W2204540794","https://openalex.org/W2214200376","https://openalex.org/W2243133549","https://openalex.org/W2280473694","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2346154054","https://openalex.org/W2443973526","https://openalex.org/W2579383323","https://openalex.org/W2600863430","https://openalex.org/W2602502969","https://openalex.org/W2751870338","https://openalex.org/W2980110727","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6688411816","https://openalex.org/W6735954763","https://openalex.org/W6769293770","https://openalex.org/W7045946453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W3197004465","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2955125114","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W3200530419","https://openalex.org/W4379876618","https://openalex.org/W3008363920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"infrastructures":[1,17,62],"that":[2,104,145,164,202],"shape":[3],"our":[4],"lifestyle":[5],"depend":[6],"on":[7,98,135,188],"the":[8,71,77,114,117,136,146,182],"GPS.":[9],"Even":[10],"though":[11,178],"not":[12,179],"used":[13,191],"for":[14,27,36,102],"positioning,":[15],"these":[16,122],"need":[18],"GPS":[19,43],"to":[20,57,64,76,151,175,192],"derive":[21],"a":[22,93,156,197],"precise":[23],"time":[24,65,119,186],"synchronization":[25,66],"necessary":[26],"their":[28,167],"operations.":[29],"Examples":[30],"are":[31,55,139],"power":[32],"distribution":[33],"grids,":[34],"gateways":[35],"financial":[37],"transactions,":[38],"and":[39,45,141,211],"telecommunication":[40],"networks.":[41],"However,":[42],"receivers,":[44,54,123],"more":[46],"in":[47],"general":[48],"global":[49],"navigation":[50],"satellite":[51],"system":[52,212],"(GNSS)":[53],"vulnerable":[56],"interference.":[58],"This":[59,68,199],"makes":[60],"GNSS-dependent":[61],"prone":[63],"errors.":[67],"paper":[69,173,200],"addresses":[70],"vulnerability":[72,147],"of":[73,80,95,110,116,121,132,148,171],"GNSS":[74,149,195],"receivers":[75,100,150],"intentional":[78],"injection":[79],"counterfeit":[81],"signals,":[82],"an":[83],"operation":[84],"known":[85],"as":[86,196],"\u201cspoofing.\u201d":[87],"The":[88,130,169],"analysis":[89],"is":[90,124,155,174,206],"backed":[91],"by":[92,185],"campaign":[94],"tests":[96],"conducted":[97],"three":[99],"suitable":[101],"applications":[103],"use":[105],"GNSS-based":[106],"synchronization.":[107],"A":[108],"battery":[109],"spoofing":[111,187],"attacks,":[112],"targeting":[113],"control":[115],"output":[118],"reference":[120],"purposely":[125],"simulated":[126],"with":[127],"lab":[128],"instrumentation.":[129],"effects":[131],"such":[133,160],"attacks":[134,154,161],"receivers'":[137],"measurements":[138],"observed":[140],"quantified;":[142],"they":[143],"prove":[144],"malevolent":[152],"radio":[153],"quantifiable":[157],"reality,":[158],"but":[159],"\u201cleave":[162],"traces\u201d":[163],"could":[165],"trigger":[166],"detection.":[168],"purpose":[170],"this":[172,204],"increase":[176],"awareness,":[177],"alarm,":[180],"about":[181],"risk":[183,205],"represented":[184],"application":[189],"domains":[190],"look":[193],"at":[194,208],"commodity.":[198],"shows":[201],"reducing":[203],"possible":[207],"both":[209],"receiver":[210],"level.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}