{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2332912277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2014.2341597","title":"Detecting Stealthy False Data Injection Using Machine Learning in Smart Grid","display_name":"Detecting Stealthy False Data Injection Using Machine Learning in Smart Grid","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2332912277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2014.2341597","mag":"2332912277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2014.2341597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2014.2341597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071054131","display_name":"Mohammad Esmalifalak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Esmalifalak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064567087","display_name":"Lanchao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0849-3917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lanchao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067253160","display_name":"Nam V. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-3079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090857","display_name":"Schlumberger (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/009m79n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857","https://openalex.org/I4210092184"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schlumberger Information Solutions, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schlumberger Information Solutions, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056442083","display_name":"Rong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-075X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Software and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Software and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":597,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97549949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"1644","last_page":"1652"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.73270183801651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.7048891186714172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5989491939544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.47322332859039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43015599250793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4211612045764923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.41961729526519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4121329188346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40961694717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34330862760543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22148090600967407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.73270183801651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7048891186714172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5989491939544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47322332859039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43015599250793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4211612045764923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.41961729526519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4121329188346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40961694717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34330862760543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22148090600967407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsyst.2014.2341597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2014.2341597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95999327","display_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","issn_l":"1932-8184","issn":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Systems Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99628326","https://openalex.org/W621862620","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1571403844","https://openalex.org/W1975971173","https://openalex.org/W1992488456","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2012352984","https://openalex.org/W2013540890","https://openalex.org/W2015491033","https://openalex.org/W2025406696","https://openalex.org/W2033939184","https://openalex.org/W2058703707","https://openalex.org/W2061207936","https://openalex.org/W2089758604","https://openalex.org/W2090041969","https://openalex.org/W2098286241","https://openalex.org/W2100954602","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2107303585","https://openalex.org/W2108906138","https://openalex.org/W2116065935","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2129609617","https://openalex.org/W2135189806","https://openalex.org/W2140776455","https://openalex.org/W2145269382","https://openalex.org/W2147779517","https://openalex.org/W2155564322","https://openalex.org/W2171349127","https://openalex.org/W2182152390","https://openalex.org/W2501063843","https://openalex.org/W2799018399","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W3104622476","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W3145074154","https://openalex.org/W4253138776","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6604148054","https://openalex.org/W6685464326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W4296209631","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W2036609560","https://openalex.org/W346861917","https://openalex.org/W3024018414","https://openalex.org/W385273440","https://openalex.org/W3097449145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aging":[0],"power":[1,29,94],"industries,":[2],"together":[3],"with":[4],"the":[5,15,27,32,36,39,48,51,66,77,101,135,141,163,177,180,194,204],"increase":[6],"in":[7,165],"demand":[8],"from":[9,100],"industrial":[10],"and":[11,124,151,161],"residential":[12],"customers,":[13],"are":[14],"main":[16],"incentive":[17],"for":[18,111],"policy":[19],"makers":[20],"to":[21,26,175,182,187],"define":[22],"a":[23,60,126],"road":[24],"map":[25],"next-generation":[28],"system":[30],"called":[31],"smart":[33,37],"grid.":[34],"In":[35,85,167],"grid,":[38],"overall":[40],"monitoring":[41],"costs":[42],"will":[43],"be":[44,57,74,97,183],"decreased,":[45],"but":[46],"at":[47],"same":[49],"time,":[50],"risk":[52],"of":[53,63,93,134,145,179,193,206],"cyber":[54],"attacks":[55,64],"might":[56],"increased.":[58],"Recently,":[59],"new":[61],"type":[62],"(called":[65],"stealth":[67],"attack)":[68],"has":[69],"been":[70],"introduced,":[71],"which":[72,147,185],"cannot":[73],"detected":[75],"by":[76],"traditional":[78],"bad":[79],"data":[80,123,160,181],"detection":[81,196],"using":[82],"state":[83],"estimation.":[84],"this":[86],"paper,":[87],"we":[88],"show":[89],"how":[90],"normal":[91],"operations":[92],"networks":[95],"can":[96],"statistically":[98],"distinguished":[99],"case":[102],"under":[103],"stealthy":[104,112],"attacks.":[105],"We":[106],"propose":[107],"two":[108],"machine-learning-based":[109],"techniques":[110],"attack":[113],"detection.":[114],"The":[115,132,154,191],"first":[116],"method":[117,144,156],"utilizes":[118],"supervised":[119],"learning":[120],"over":[121],"labeled":[122],"trains":[125],"distributed":[127,136],"support":[128],"vector":[129],"machine":[130],"(SVM).":[131],"design":[133],"SVM":[137],"is":[138,173],"based":[139],"on":[140,198],"alternating":[142],"direction":[143],"multipliers,":[146],"offers":[148],"provable":[149],"optimality":[150],"convergence":[152],"rate.":[153],"second":[155],"requires":[157],"no":[158],"training":[159],"detects":[162],"deviation":[164],"measurements.":[166],"both":[168,207],"methods,":[169],"principal":[170],"component":[171],"analysis":[172],"used":[174],"reduce":[176],"dimensionality":[178],"processed,":[184],"leads":[186],"lower":[188],"computation":[189],"complexities.":[190],"results":[192],"proposed":[195],"methods":[197],"IEEE":[199],"standard":[200],"test":[201],"systems":[202],"demonstrate":[203],"effectiveness":[205],"schemes.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-30T07:30:35.949966","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}