{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127095840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2026.3660045","title":"A CNN-Transformer Hybrid Framework for Mapping Annual Wheat Fractional Cover From 2001-2023 Using MODIS Satellite Data Over Asia","display_name":"A CNN-Transformer Hybrid Framework for Mapping Annual Wheat Fractional Cover From 2001-2023 Using MODIS Satellite Data Over Asia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127095840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2026.3660045"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2026.3660045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2026.3660045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124812788","display_name":"Wenyuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-2775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124775445","display_name":"Shunlin Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunlin Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-9183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124806237","display_name":"Yongzhe Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongzhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124805830","display_name":"Han Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006187206","display_name":"Jianglei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8147-400X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianglei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070754441","display_name":"Yichuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2152-6506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"HK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2152-6506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jockey Club STEM Lab of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086103504","display_name":"Z. Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320745970","display_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","ror":"https://ror.org/00pe0tf51","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I1320745970"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongxin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2148-9367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320745970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061916363","display_name":"Husheng Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-6571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husheng Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124854357","display_name":"Fengjiao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengjiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09149228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"153","last_page":"167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover-crop","display_name":"Cover crop","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-resolution","display_name":"Temporal resolution","score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5309000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34070608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001783","display_name":"Cover crop","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779249804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736427","display_name":"Staple food","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201401522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7201505","display_name":"Plant cover","level":3,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994553254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural management","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780376076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1499458","display_name":"Vegetation Index","level":4,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018661444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6977574","display_name":"Winter wheat","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2026.3660045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2026.3660045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6833252310752869,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1885078460","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2011500029","https://openalex.org/W2037146323","https://openalex.org/W2040218731","https://openalex.org/W2042645898","https://openalex.org/W2043273487","https://openalex.org/W2068167377","https://openalex.org/W2085035787","https://openalex.org/W2094677081","https://openalex.org/W2107131609","https://openalex.org/W2141643785","https://openalex.org/W2142231247","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2235201318","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2344186514","https://openalex.org/W2557992764","https://openalex.org/W2886623289","https://openalex.org/W2901633508","https://openalex.org/W2920254659","https://openalex.org/W2965879966","https://openalex.org/W3006409061","https://openalex.org/W3010658582","https://openalex.org/W3012181369","https://openalex.org/W3038343636","https://openalex.org/W3045732244","https://openalex.org/W3045973374","https://openalex.org/W3088919884","https://openalex.org/W3111639298","https://openalex.org/W3120660573","https://openalex.org/W3137820239","https://openalex.org/W3142849873","https://openalex.org/W3190941789","https://openalex.org/W3203350115","https://openalex.org/W3216164606","https://openalex.org/W4220761593","https://openalex.org/W4220833846","https://openalex.org/W4220853101","https://openalex.org/W4226216909","https://openalex.org/W4289766386","https://openalex.org/W4289886813","https://openalex.org/W4293731355","https://openalex.org/W4312443662","https://openalex.org/W4320522708","https://openalex.org/W4321769147","https://openalex.org/W4361205127","https://openalex.org/W4380052818","https://openalex.org/W4383989019","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386476332","https://openalex.org/W4386607535","https://openalex.org/W4389395609","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W4401054638","https://openalex.org/W4402923340","https://openalex.org/W4403714379","https://openalex.org/W4403780748","https://openalex.org/W4404278279","https://openalex.org/W4413036730","https://openalex.org/W4416045986","https://openalex.org/W4416733109","https://openalex.org/W7124843448","https://openalex.org/W7133239857"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wheat":[0,203],"is":[1,24,140,186,204,225,320,360,417],"a":[2,38,51,74,82,205,237,261,407],"staple":[3,206],"crop":[4,161,207,337],"in":[5,41,208],"over":[6,97,196,209,370],"40":[7,210],"countries,":[8,211],"with":[9,142,155,212,245,254,330,378,396],"Asia":[10,197,213,371],"accounting":[11],"for":[12,26,50,227,410],"more":[13,215],"than":[14,216],"40%":[15,217],"of":[16,21,218,384,388,393],"global":[17,219],"cultivation.":[18,221],"Long-term":[19,222],"mapping":[20,35],"wheat":[22,34,86,192,220,223,270,366],"cover":[23,87,164,194,224,272,340,368],"critical":[25,226],"agricultural":[27,167,228,413],"management":[28,229],"and":[29,106,113,123,133,153,166,180,230,285,291,300,304,313,328,342,354,390],"food":[30,231],"security.":[31],"However,":[32],"existing":[33,234],"products":[36,235],"face":[37,236],"key":[39],"limitation":[40],"spatiotemporal":[42],"coverage:":[43],"they":[44,239],"either":[45,240],"offer":[46,250],"broad":[47],"spatial":[48,112,243,256,290],"coverage":[49,248],"single":[52],"or":[53,56,249],"few":[54],"years,":[55],"provide":[57,241],"long":[58,251],"time":[59,252],"series":[60,253],"that":[61],"are":[62],"confined":[63],"to":[64,80,95,109,169,189,266,288,344,363],"specific":[65],"regions.":[66],"To":[67],"address":[68],"this":[69],"gap,":[70],"we":[71],"propose":[72,259],"DeepMapping,":[73,260],"hybrid":[75,262],"deep":[76,263],"learning":[77,173,264,348],"framework":[78,100],"designed":[79],"generate":[81],"consistent":[83],"annual":[84,191,269,365],"fractional":[85,193,271,367],"product":[88,195,369,416],"at":[89,198,273,297,325,372],"250":[90,121,199,274,298,373],"m":[91,122,125,148,200,275,299,302,327,374],"resolution":[92,149,244],"from":[93,145,201,276,294,375],"2001":[94],"2023":[96],"Asia.":[98],"Our":[99],"integrates":[101,280],"Convolutional":[102,281],"Neural":[103,282],"Networks":[104,283],"(CNNs)":[105,284],"Transformer":[107,286],"models":[108,287],"extract":[110,289],"complementary":[111],"temporal":[114,247,292],"features.":[115],"It":[116],"processes":[117],"multi-resolution":[118],"data,":[119,165,341],"including":[120],"500":[124,301],"MODIS":[126,183,277,295,357],"reflectance,":[127],"alongside":[128],"GLASS":[129],"Leaf":[130,310],"Area":[131,311],"Index":[132,312],"Fractional":[134,314],"Vegetation":[135,315],"Cover":[136],"products.":[137,317],"The":[138,318],"model":[139],"trained":[141,321],"fractions":[143],"derived":[144],"the":[146,174,349],"10":[147,326],"WorldCereal":[150,323],"2021":[151,324],"map":[152],"refined":[154,329],"ancillary":[156,332],"information":[157],"such":[158,334],"as":[159,335],"coarse-resolution":[160,182,336,356],"products,":[162,338],"land":[163,339],"statistics":[168,343],"enhance":[170],"reliability.":[171,346],"By":[172,347],"relationship":[175,350],"between":[176,351],"short-term,":[177],"high-resolution":[178,352],"labels":[179,353],"long-term,":[181,411],"observations,":[184,358],"DeepMapping":[185,279,319,359,405],"efficiently":[187,361],"used":[188,362],"generates":[190,364],"2001\u20132023.":[202,376],"contributing":[214],"security,":[232],"but":[233],"trade-off:":[238],"high":[242,401],"short":[246],"limited":[255],"coverage.":[257],"We":[258],"framework,":[265],"estimate":[267],"long-term":[268,355],"data.":[278],"features":[293],"data":[296,399],"resolutions":[303],"Global":[305],"LAnd":[306],"Surface":[307],"Satellite":[308],"(GLASS)":[309],"Coverage":[316],"using":[322],"other":[331],"information,":[333],"ensure":[345],"Validation":[377],"2,556":[379],"samples":[380],"demonstrates":[381],"overall":[382],"accuracy":[383,387,392],"84.1%,":[385],"producer's":[386],"87.8%,":[389],"user's":[391],"70.07%.":[394],"Comparison":[395],"national":[397],"statistical":[398],"confirms":[400],"consistency":[402],"($R^{2}$:":[403],"0.880\u20130.943).":[404],"offers":[406],"scalable":[408],"solution":[409],"reliable":[412],"mapping.":[414],"This":[415],"publicly":[418],"available":[419],"athttps://glass.hku.hk/casual/Asia_Wheat/.":[420]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
