{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415048733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","title":"Robust MRI Reconstruction by Smoothed Unrolling (SMUG)","display_name":"Robust MRI Reconstruction by Smoothed Unrolling (SMUG)","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415048733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066311575","display_name":"Shijun Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0825-7068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijun Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering (BME) Department, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0825-7068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering (BME) Department, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113071986","display_name":"Van Hoang Minh Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73544541","display_name":"Mathematical Sciences Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs5r386","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73544541"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van Hoang Minh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","Mathematics Department, MSU, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9679-0802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department, MSU, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73544541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071187130","display_name":"Jinghan Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152536","display_name":"Combustion Science & Engineering (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04z55f009","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinghan Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Department, MSU, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Department, MSU, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003538946","display_name":"Ismail Alkhouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-5509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail R. Alkhouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Mathematics, Science &amp; Engineering (CMSE) Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","Computational Mathematics, Science &amp; Engineering (CMSE) Department, MSU, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Mathematics, Science &amp; Engineering (CMSE) Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Mathematics, Science &amp; Engineering (CMSE) Department, MSU, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sijia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-6991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152536","display_name":"Combustion Science & Engineering (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04z55f009","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sijia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Department, MSU, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-6991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE Department, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) Department, MSU, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101799762","display_name":"Saiprasad Ravishankar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-5827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145926","display_name":"MS Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqw4y82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saiprasad Ravishankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMSE &amp; BME Departments, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","CMSE &amp; BME Departments, MSU, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-5827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMSE &amp; BME Departments, MSU, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMSE &amp; BME Departments, MSU, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32389707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"7","first_page":"1558","last_page":"1573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7221999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop-unrolling","display_name":"Loop unrolling","score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34360000491142273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7221999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76970557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1869750","display_name":"Loop unrolling","level":3,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3615540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1395794255","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CIF: Medium: Taming Deep Unsupervised Representation Learning in Imaging: Theory and Algorithms","funder_award_id":"2212065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8911642845","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CIF: Medium: Taming Deep Unsupervised Representation Learning in Imaging: Theory and Algorithms","funder_award_id":"2212066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2022255443","https://openalex.org/W2029816571","https://openalex.org/W2039855970","https://openalex.org/W2065391104","https://openalex.org/W2070678378","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2141039087","https://openalex.org/W2167396304","https://openalex.org/W2168668658","https://openalex.org/W2573726823","https://openalex.org/W2594014149","https://openalex.org/W2604388535","https://openalex.org/W2773850766","https://openalex.org/W2798559986","https://openalex.org/W2807653699","https://openalex.org/W2911290743","https://openalex.org/W2922902233","https://openalex.org/W2942199805","https://openalex.org/W2964215687","https://openalex.org/W2967641264","https://openalex.org/W3092530614","https://openalex.org/W3205399766","https://openalex.org/W3206211787","https://openalex.org/W4205624883","https://openalex.org/W4214948009","https://openalex.org/W4250955649","https://openalex.org/W4293363567","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4372260130"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,8,51,103,116,130,137,155,160,165,176,182,199],"popularity":[2],"of":[3,10,53,105,118,168,178,184,201,210,229],"deep":[4,87],"learning":[5,98],"(DL)":[6],"in":[7,115,181],"field":[9],"magnetic":[11],"resonance":[12],"imaging":[13],"(MRI)":[14],"continues":[15],"to":[16,31,45,55,66,136,187,206,219],"rise,":[17],"recent":[18,192],"research":[19],"has":[20,111],"indicated":[21],"that":[22,62,129,133,149,196],"DL-based":[23,139,169],"MRI":[24,60,89,140,170,202],"reconstruction":[25,61,78,90,171,203],"models":[26],"might":[27],"be":[28,64],"excessively":[29],"sensitive":[30],"minor":[32],"input":[33,109,220],"disturbances,":[34],"including":[35,213],"worst-case":[36,214],"or":[37],"random":[38,216],"additive":[39],"perturbations.":[40,185],"This":[41,49],"sensitivity":[42],"often":[43],"leads":[44],"unstable":[46],"aliased":[47],"images.":[48],"raises":[50],"question":[52],"how":[54],"devise":[56],"DL":[57],"techniques":[58],"for":[59,122],"can":[63],"robust":[65,97],"these":[67],"variations.":[68],"To":[69],"address":[70,154],"this":[71,145],"problem,":[72],"we":[73,127,147,194],"propose":[74],"a":[75,86,93,106,207],"novel":[76],"image":[77,123],"framework,":[79],"termed":[80],"SMOOTHED":[81],"UNROLLING":[82],"(SMUG),":[83],"which":[84,101],"advances":[85],"unrolling-based":[88],"model":[91,107,141],"using":[92],"randomized":[94],"smoothing":[95],"(RS)-based":[96],"approach.":[99],"RS,":[100],"improves":[102,198],"tolerance":[104],"against":[108],"noise,":[110],"been":[112],"widely":[113],"used":[114],"design":[117,132],"adversarial":[119],"defense":[120],"approaches":[121],"classification":[124],"tasks.":[125],"Yet,":[126],"find":[128],"conventional":[131],"applies":[134],"RS":[135,161,189],"entire":[138],"is":[142,234],"ineffective.":[143],"In":[144],"paper,":[146],"show":[148,195],"SMUG":[150,197],"and":[151,190,215,226],"its":[152],"variants":[153],"above":[156],"issue":[157],"by":[158],"customizing":[159],"process":[162],"based":[163],"on":[164],"unrolling":[166,230],"architecture":[167],"models.":[172],"We":[173],"theoretically":[174],"analyze":[175],"robustness":[177,200],"our":[179],"method":[180],"presence":[183],"Compared":[186],"vanilla":[188],"other":[191],"approaches,":[193],"with":[204],"respect":[205],"diverse":[208],"set":[209],"instability":[211],"sources,":[212],"noise":[217],"perturbations":[218],"measurements,":[221],"varying":[222],"measurement":[223],"sampling":[224],"rates,":[225],"different":[227],"numbers":[228],"steps.":[231],"Our":[232],"code":[233],"available":[235],"at":[236],"https://github.com/sjames40/SMUG_journal.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-11T00:00:00"}
