{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410427826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3569430","title":"Shortcut Learning in Binary Classifier Black Boxes: Applications to Voice Anti-Spoofing and Biometrics","display_name":"Shortcut Learning in Binary Classifier Black Boxes: Applications to Voice Anti-Spoofing and Biometrics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410427826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3569430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2025.3569430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3569430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.17782","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079693142","display_name":"Md Sahidullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0624-2903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159890","display_name":"TCG Crest","ror":"https://ror.org/05h2r8y34","country_code":"IN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159890"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Sahidullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["TCG CREST, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0624-2903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TCG CREST, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080292725","display_name":"Hye-jin Shim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-6983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hye-jin Shim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038242813","display_name":"Rosa Gonz\u00e1lez Hautam\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-5309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosa Gonzalez Hautam\u00e4ki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-5309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043168931","display_name":"Tomi Kinnunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomi H. Kinnunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Joensuu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Joensuu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4565,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8960264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"7","first_page":"1542","last_page":"1557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7811275720596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7065743207931519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.6830149292945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5775560736656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5260900259017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5193701386451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4087422490119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23143082857131958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7811275720596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7065743207931519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.6830149292945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5775560736656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5260900259017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5193701386451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4087422490119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23143082857131958}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2025.3569430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2025.3569430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.17782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2601.17782","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.17782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.17782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2601.17782","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.17782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3375567834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"349605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8007468586","display_name":"Generalized Voice Anti-Spoofing and Voice Biometrics (SPEECHFAKES)","funder_award_id":"349605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W2989910292","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W3128793638","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W4401097268","https://openalex.org/W4391805690","https://openalex.org/W2607818178","https://openalex.org/W3153057489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,119,143,166],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,40,69,113,121,162,169,176],"deep-learning":[4],"models":[5,29,138],"in":[6,51,155],"data-driven":[7],"applications":[8],"has":[9],"drawn":[10],"attention":[11],"to":[12,32,102],"the":[13,38,61,67,160,170],"potential":[14],"risks":[15],"associated":[16],"with":[17,174],"biased":[18,106],"datasets":[19,27,107],"and":[20,28,43,64,72,82,108,131,139,158,178],"models.":[21],"Neglected":[22],"or":[23,47],"hidden":[24],"biases":[25,154],"within":[26],"can":[30,182],"lead":[31],"unexpected":[33],"results.":[34],"This":[35],"study":[36,148],"addresses":[37],"challenges":[39],"dataset":[41],"bias":[42],"explores":[44],"\u201cshortcut":[45],"learning\u201d":[46],"\u201cClever":[48],"Hans":[49],"effect\u201d":[50],"binary":[52],"classifiers.":[53],"We":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56,86,110],"novel":[57],"framework":[58,79],"for":[59,65,90,152],"analyzing":[60],"black-box":[62],"classifiers":[63],"examining":[66],"impact":[68],"both":[70,136],"training":[71],"test":[73],"data":[74],"on":[75,116,128],"classifier":[76,95,117],"scores.":[77],"Our":[78],"incorporates":[80],"intervention":[81],"observational":[83,179],"perspectives,":[84],"employing":[85],"linear":[87],"mixed-effects":[88],"model":[89],"post-hoc":[91],"analysis.":[92],"By":[93],"evaluating":[94],"performance":[96],"beyond":[97],"error":[98],"rates,":[99],"we":[100],"aim":[101],"provide":[103],"insights":[104,144],"into":[105],"offer":[109],"comprehensive":[111],"understanding":[112],"their":[114],"influence":[115],"behavior.":[118],"effectiveness":[120],"our":[122],"approach":[123],"is":[124],"demonstrated":[125],"through":[126],"experiments":[127],"audio":[129],"anti-spoofing":[130],"speaker":[132],"verification":[133],"tasks":[134],"using":[135],"statistical":[137],"deep":[140],"neural":[141],"networks.":[142],"gained":[145],"from":[146],"this":[147],"have":[149],"broader":[150],"implications":[151],"tackling":[153],"other":[156],"domains":[157],"advancing":[159],"field":[161],"explainable":[163],"artificial":[164],"intelligence.":[165],"open-source":[167],"implementation":[168],"proposed":[171],"method,":[172],"along":[173],"demonstrations":[175],"interventional":[177],"case":[180],"analyses,":[181],"be":[183],"found":[184],"athttp://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/projects/snreval/.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
