{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385210371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2023.3298474","title":"Secure Hybrid Analog and Digital Beamforming for mmWave XR Communications With Mixed-DAC","display_name":"Secure Hybrid Analog and Digital Beamforming for mmWave XR Communications With Mixed-DAC","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385210371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2023.3298474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2023.3298474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2023.3298474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061391892","display_name":"Di Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-1817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053775821","display_name":"Tong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7650-3275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140221134","display_name":"Anhui Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/0327f3359","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140221134"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China","School of Information and Computer, Anhui agricultural university, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7650-3275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140221134"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Computer, Anhui agricultural university, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140221134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044969631","display_name":"Feng Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-1965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-1965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042622978","display_name":"Yuanyuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-9359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110631077","display_name":"Lingling Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingling Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100572274","display_name":"Siling Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siling Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011132245","display_name":"Mengxing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengxing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-703X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029002143","display_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0948,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74807524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"995","last_page":"1006"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8079743385314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7642616033554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.4813840687274933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.47176268696784973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4606919288635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4450770318508148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.44177719950675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.44068410992622375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4338029623031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4237241744995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3305714428424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3264230191707611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1979711949825287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.18481966853141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.182661771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14236140251159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1194576621055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11729836463928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.10694190859794617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8079743385314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7642616033554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.4813840687274933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.47176268696784973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4606919288635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4450770318508148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.44177719950675964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.44068410992622375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4338029623031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4237241744995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3305714428424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3264230191707611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1979711949825287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.18481966853141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.182661771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14236140251159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1194576621055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11729836463928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.10694190859794617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2023.3298474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2023.3298474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5468035466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7701723719","display_name":"\u6df7\u5408\u6a21\u62df\u6570\u5b57\u7ed3\u6784\u7a7a\u95f4\u8c03\u5236\u65e0\u7ebf\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u5168\u4f20\u8f93\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560563382","https://openalex.org/W1967956032","https://openalex.org/W2007529001","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2109808436","https://openalex.org/W2127152877","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2344809130","https://openalex.org/W2345417877","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2597206177","https://openalex.org/W2740937005","https://openalex.org/W2742478843","https://openalex.org/W2755486826","https://openalex.org/W2789947301","https://openalex.org/W2905017398","https://openalex.org/W2909191390","https://openalex.org/W2956284117","https://openalex.org/W2963100680","https://openalex.org/W2963152343","https://openalex.org/W2963415238","https://openalex.org/W2963456405","https://openalex.org/W2963680448","https://openalex.org/W2966296997","https://openalex.org/W2973265422","https://openalex.org/W2997703065","https://openalex.org/W3042916765","https://openalex.org/W3092492458","https://openalex.org/W3099088829","https://openalex.org/W3101525206","https://openalex.org/W3104166565","https://openalex.org/W3131883483","https://openalex.org/W3172644050","https://openalex.org/W4285212575"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993671760","https://openalex.org/W2376754011","https://openalex.org/W3026778509","https://openalex.org/W2784134993","https://openalex.org/W2462883630","https://openalex.org/W4287776800","https://openalex.org/W3188430173","https://openalex.org/W3116845106","https://openalex.org/W2183269049","https://openalex.org/W4285103104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,78],"achieve":[1],"a":[2,50,67,122],"balance":[3],"between":[4],"performance":[5,154],"and":[6,20,105,112,132,135,161],"implementation":[7],"complexity":[8],"in":[9,62,158],"extended":[10],"reality":[11],"(XR)-aided":[12],"millimeter":[13],"wave":[14],"(mmWave)":[15],"communication,":[16],"secure":[17,45],"hybrid":[18],"digital":[19],"analog":[21,111,141],"(HDA)":[22],"beamforming":[23,47],"with":[24,37,81],"mixed":[25],"digital-to-analog":[26],"converters":[27],"(DACs)":[28],"is":[29,55,76,119],"established":[30],"by":[31,121],"partially":[32],"replacing":[33],"costly":[34],"full-resolution":[35],"DACs":[36],"some":[38],"cheap":[39],"low-resolution":[40],"DACs.":[41],"We":[42],"focus":[43],"on":[44],"HDA":[46],"for":[48],"such":[49],"system.":[51],"Furthermore,":[52],"XR":[53],"technology":[54],"aided":[56],"to":[57,97,139],"improve":[58],"the":[59,71,94,110,115,128,147,159],"operating":[60],"efficiency":[61],"this":[63],"complex":[64],"scenario.":[65],"First,":[66],"closed-form":[68],"approximation":[69],"of":[70,91,100,130],"average":[72],"secrecy":[73],"rate":[74],"(ASR)":[75],"derived.":[77],"maximize":[79],"ASR":[80,153],"partial":[82],"eavesdropping":[83],"channel":[84],"knowledge":[85],"available,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"an":[89],"algorithm":[90,149],"skillfully":[92],"utilizing":[93],"alternating":[95],"iteration":[96],"design":[98],"beamformers":[99,129],"analog,":[101],"confidential":[102],"message":[103],"(CM)":[104],"artificial":[106],"noise":[107],"(AN).":[108],"Given":[109],"CM/AN":[113],"beamformers,":[114],"updated":[116],"AN/CM":[117],"beamformer":[118],"addressed":[120],"gradient":[123],"descent":[124],"algorithm.":[125],"Then,":[126],"given":[127],"CM":[131],"AN,":[133],"Dinkelbach":[134],"Majorization-Minimization":[136],"are":[137],"combined":[138],"optimize":[140],"beamformer.":[142],"Simulation":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"that":[146],"proposed":[148],"achieves":[150],"much":[151],"better":[152],"than":[155],"existing":[156],"methods":[157],"medium":[160],"high":[162],"signal-to-noise":[163],"ratio":[164],"regions.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
