{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185703005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3139231","title":"Revisiting Analog Over-the-Air Machine Learning: The Blessing and Curse of Interference","display_name":"Revisiting Analog Over-the-Air Machine Learning: The Blessing and Curse of Interference","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185703005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3139231","mag":"3185703005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2021.3139231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3139231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.11733","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061641468","display_name":"Howard H. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0256-2416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Howard H. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University/University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University/University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100679784","display_name":"Zihan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5871-7766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030858163","display_name":"Tony Q. S. Quek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Q. S. Quek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061641468"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60663557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"406","last_page":"419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5697116851806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.555779218673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5333366990089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5051186680793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.49005401134490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-convergence","display_name":"Rate of convergence","score":0.4628758728504181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4334333837032318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4012904465198517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.37765568494796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3501867651939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33925873041152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2843884825706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2838948369026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.25556498765945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.11098164319992065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5697116851806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.555779218673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5333366990089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5051186680793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.49005401134490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.4628758728504181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4334333837032318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4012904465198517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.37765568494796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3501867651939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33925873041152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2843884825706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2838948369026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25556498765945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.11098164319992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2021.3139231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3139231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.11733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.11733","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.11733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3185703005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.11733.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.11733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2107.11733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.11733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.11733","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.11733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16026228","https://openalex.org/W1966085307","https://openalex.org/W1972711404","https://openalex.org/W1976502274","https://openalex.org/W2022894179","https://openalex.org/W2075295072","https://openalex.org/W2082880083","https://openalex.org/W2103012681","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133685514","https://openalex.org/W2140227342","https://openalex.org/W2145522405","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2598678894","https://openalex.org/W2907379776","https://openalex.org/W2944099577","https://openalex.org/W2969343398","https://openalex.org/W2979359324","https://openalex.org/W2981138228","https://openalex.org/W2999074226","https://openalex.org/W3003959415","https://openalex.org/W3009139277","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3035058751","https://openalex.org/W3036822879","https://openalex.org/W3047717353","https://openalex.org/W3088234149","https://openalex.org/W3102590949","https://openalex.org/W3102882512","https://openalex.org/W3103139084","https://openalex.org/W3103802018","https://openalex.org/W3108590825","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3122055962","https://openalex.org/W3132170983","https://openalex.org/W3162819349","https://openalex.org/W3201314735","https://openalex.org/W3208799718","https://openalex.org/W4233413206","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6773815413","https://openalex.org/W6778239092","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790395528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737551986","https://openalex.org/W3201539961","https://openalex.org/W2037737135","https://openalex.org/W42834495","https://openalex.org/W2168790308","https://openalex.org/W3166713607","https://openalex.org/W2256663540","https://openalex.org/W3200896255","https://openalex.org/W3135232647","https://openalex.org/W2794302998","https://openalex.org/W1488827848","https://openalex.org/W2921555704","https://openalex.org/W2070566552","https://openalex.org/W3127026589","https://openalex.org/W2965391407","https://openalex.org/W2949616040","https://openalex.org/W2744447275","https://openalex.org/W3199331028","https://openalex.org/W2166192590","https://openalex.org/W2540076116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,177],"study":[1],"a":[2,17,25,30,56,76,115,159,200],"distributed":[3],"machine":[4,310],"learning":[5,289,311],"problem":[6],"carried":[7],"out":[8],"by":[9,43,83],"an":[10,134],"edge":[11,64,73,288],"server":[12,65,74],"and":[13,60,87,89,97,294],"multiple":[14],"agents":[15,102],"in":[16,187,231,312],"wireless":[18,313],"network.":[19],"The":[20],"objective":[21],"is":[22,29,41,81,283,292],"to":[23,62,92,99,124,162,193,251,286],"minimize":[24],"global":[26,95,131],"function":[27],"that":[28,137,147,180,274,281,300],"sum":[31],"of":[32,58,106,141,166,174,203,223,234,256],"the":[33,39,63,68,72,84,94,101,110,120,130,139,164,175,181,190,195,204,207,212,220,224,227,229,232,236,238,242,249,253,257,260,262,264,266,275,287,306],"agents&#x2019;":[34],"local":[35,53,107],"loss":[36],"functions.":[37],"And":[38],"optimization":[40],"conducted":[42],"analog":[44,70],"over-the-air":[45],"model":[46,96,125,225,267],"training.":[47],"Specifically,":[48],"each":[49],"agent":[50],"modulates":[51],"its":[52,126],"gradient":[54,79,132],"onto":[55],"set":[57],"waveforms":[59],"transmits":[61],"simultaneously.":[66],"From":[67],"received":[69],"signal":[71],"extracts":[75],"noisy":[77],"aggregated":[78],"which":[80],"distorted":[82],"channel":[85],"fading":[86],"interference,":[88,235],"uses":[90],"it":[91,282],"update":[93],"feedbacks":[98],"all":[100],"for":[103,144,308],"another":[104],"round":[105],"computing.":[108],"Since":[109],"electromagnetic":[111],"interference":[112,205,279,307],"generally":[113],"exhibits":[114],"heavy-tailed":[116],"intrinsic,":[117],"we":[118,157,295],"use":[119,140],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[121],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\alpha$</tex-math></inline-formula>-stable":[122],"distribution":[123,233],"statistic.":[127],"In":[128],"consequence,":[129],"has":[133,248],"infinite":[135],"variance":[136],"hinders":[138],"conventional":[142],"techniques":[143,299],"convergence":[145,167,221],"analysis":[146,165],"rely":[148],"on":[149,206,278],"second-order":[150],"moments&#x2019;":[151],"existence.":[152],"To":[153],"circumvent":[154],"this":[155],"challenge,":[156],"take":[158],"new":[160,298],"route":[161],"establish":[163],"rate,":[168],"as":[169,171],"well":[170],"generalization":[172,254],"error,":[173],"algorithm.":[176],"also":[178],"show":[179],"training":[182,209],"algorithm":[183,239],"can":[184],"be":[185],"run":[186],"tandem":[188],"with":[189],"momentum":[191],"scheme":[192],"accelerate":[194],"convergence.":[196],"Our":[197],"analyses":[198],"reveal":[199],"two-sided":[201],"effect":[202],"overall":[208],"procedure.":[210],"On":[211,241],"negative":[213],"side,":[214,244],"heavy":[215,245],"tail":[216,230,246],"noise":[217,247],"slows":[218],"down":[219],"rate":[222],"training:":[226],"heavier":[228,261],"slower":[237],"converges.":[240],"positive":[243],"potential":[250],"increase":[252],"power":[255],"trained":[258],"model:":[259],"tail,":[263],"better":[265,309],"generalizes.":[268],"This":[269],"perhaps":[270],"counterintuitive":[271],"conclusion":[272],"implies":[273],"prevailing":[276],"thinking":[277],"&#x2013;":[280,291],"only":[284],"detrimental":[285],"system":[290],"outdated":[293],"shall":[296],"seek":[297],"exploit,":[301],"rather":[302],"than":[303],"simply":[304],"mitigate,":[305],"networks.":[314]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}