{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3188962160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3134162","title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Multi-UAV Networks: Efficient Resource Allocation With Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Multi-UAV Networks: Efficient Resource Allocation With Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3188962160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3134162","mag":"3188962160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2021.3134162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3134162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/304701884/RIS_MultiUAV_doublecolumns_final.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057045100","display_name":"Khoi Khac Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-4354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khoi Khac Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-4354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077464725","display_name":"Saeed R. Khosravirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-4142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed R. Khosravirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-4142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021191255","display_name":"Daniel Benevides da Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-7475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["BR","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Benevides da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliou, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C","Department of Computer Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-7475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliou, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055510228","display_name":"Long D. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-257X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134642","display_name":"Lac Hong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nypmk85","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134642"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long D. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dong Nai University, Dong Nai, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1044-257X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dong Nai University, Dong Nai, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134642"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049089848","display_name":"Trung Q. Duong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung Q. Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":64.6123,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99834065,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"358","last_page":"368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8112181425094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7446699142456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6206889748573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5259159803390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.47558510303497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38936740159988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3136020302772522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8112181425094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7446699142456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6206889748573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5259159803390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47558510303497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38936740159988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3136020302772522}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2021.3134162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3134162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/cbcbfc13-316e-4530-9423-689b1d806915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/cbcbfc13-316e-4530-9423-689b1d806915","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/304701884/RIS_MultiUAV_doublecolumns_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nguyen, K K, Khosravirad, S, Benevides Da Costa, D, D. Nguyen, L & Duong, T Q 2021, 'Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-assisted Multi-UAV Networks: Efficient Resource Allocation with Deep Reinforcement Learning', IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2021.3134162","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/cbcbfc13-316e-4530-9423-689b1d806915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/cbcbfc13-316e-4530-9423-689b1d806915","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/304701884/RIS_MultiUAV_doublecolumns_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nguyen, K K, Khosravirad, S, Benevides Da Costa, D, D. Nguyen, L & Duong, T Q 2021, 'Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-assisted Multi-UAV Networks: Efficient Resource Allocation with Deep Reinforcement Learning', IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2021.3134162","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4440806490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCSRF2021\\11\\41","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","funder_display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320357","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321832","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188962160.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188962160.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2098432798","https://openalex.org/W2155027007","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2624041149","https://openalex.org/W2740005962","https://openalex.org/W2904971736","https://openalex.org/W2922273628","https://openalex.org/W2945373946","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2962804513","https://openalex.org/W2963186244","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2973812714","https://openalex.org/W2984045653","https://openalex.org/W3000577820","https://openalex.org/W3001613668","https://openalex.org/W3005476696","https://openalex.org/W3010006578","https://openalex.org/W3019497660","https://openalex.org/W3025598106","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3034533409","https://openalex.org/W3035192482","https://openalex.org/W3041878473","https://openalex.org/W3045926576","https://openalex.org/W3090167083","https://openalex.org/W3094619726","https://openalex.org/W3113799846","https://openalex.org/W3115455179","https://openalex.org/W3120097581","https://openalex.org/W3133999295","https://openalex.org/W6627932998","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6683204974","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6713134421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923452570","https://openalex.org/W206598027","https://openalex.org/W2978610750","https://openalex.org/W2138260944","https://openalex.org/W2022931285","https://openalex.org/W1589966275","https://openalex.org/W2086872282","https://openalex.org/W2137789903","https://openalex.org/W2138781885","https://openalex.org/W4315630413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,42],"propose":[4],"reconfigurable":[5],"intelligent":[6],"surface":[7],"(RIS)-assisted":[8],"unmanned":[9],"aerial":[10],"vehicles":[11],"(UAVs)":[12],"networks":[13,128],"that":[14],"can":[15,129],"utilise":[16],"both":[17],"advantages":[18],"of":[19,38,48,55,90,94,104,115,139],"UAV\u2019s":[20],"agility":[21],"and":[22,51,118,142],"RIS\u2019s":[23],"reflection":[24],"for":[25,66,86,125,132],"enhancing":[26],"the":[27,34,39,45,49,52,56,68,88,95,110,144,148],"network\u2019s":[28],"performance.":[29],"To":[30],"aim":[31],"at":[32],"maximising":[33],"energy":[35],"efficiency":[36],"(EE)":[37],"considered":[40],"networks,":[41],"jointly":[43],"optimise":[44],"power":[46],"allocation":[47],"UAVs":[50],"phase-shift":[53],"matrix":[54],"RIS.":[57],"A":[58],"deep":[59],"reinforcement":[60],"learning":[61,81],"(DRL)":[62],"approach":[63,82],"is":[64,83],"proposed":[65,85,106,122],"solving":[67],"continuous":[69],"optimisation":[70],"problem":[71],"with":[72,109,147],"time-varying":[73,145],"channels":[74],"in":[75,113],"a":[76,101],"centralised":[77,96],"fashion.":[78],"Moreover,":[79],"parallel":[80],"also":[84],"reducing":[87],"latency":[89],"information":[91],"transmission":[92],"requirement":[93],"approach.":[97],"Numerical":[98],"results":[99],"show":[100],"significant":[102],"improvement":[103],"our":[105],"schemes":[107],"compared":[108],"conventional":[111],"approaches":[112],"terms":[114],"EE,":[116],"flexibility,":[117],"processing":[119],"time.":[120],"Our":[121],"DRL":[123],"methods":[124],"RIS-assisted":[126],"UAV":[127],"be":[130],"used":[131],"real-time":[133],"applications":[134],"due":[135],"to":[136],"their":[137],"capability":[138],"instant":[140],"decision-making":[141],"handling":[143],"channel":[146],"dynamic":[149],"environmental":[150],"setting.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}