{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161595308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3079626","title":"4D Automotive Radar Sensing for Autonomous Vehicles: A Sparsity-Oriented Approach","display_name":"4D Automotive Radar Sensing for Autonomous Vehicles: A Sparsity-Oriented Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161595308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3079626","mag":"3161595308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2021.3079626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3079626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050556540","display_name":"Shunqiao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9975-1415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shunqiao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074195801","display_name":"Yimin D. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimin D. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050556540"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":128.3748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":191,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99972474,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"879","last_page":"891"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6692111492156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.618725061416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5775989294052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.48692405223846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.4862731695175171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-array","display_name":"Sparse array","score":0.4663875102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.46135708689689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.4390585720539093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.4299827814102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3700842261314392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3478444814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3130369484424591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2129664123058319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21049579977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18432649970054626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1796770989894867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6692111492156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.618725061416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5775989294052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.48692405223846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.4862731695175171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145177509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050404","display_name":"Sparse array","level":2,"score":0.4663875102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.46135708689689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.4390585720539093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.4299827814102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3700842261314392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3478444814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3130369484424591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2129664123058319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21049579977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18432649970054626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1796770989894867}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2021.3079626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2021.3079626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595851582","https://openalex.org/W1874862603","https://openalex.org/W1964521756","https://openalex.org/W1968079322","https://openalex.org/W2003157621","https://openalex.org/W2018039931","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2034260606","https://openalex.org/W2047071281","https://openalex.org/W2061856731","https://openalex.org/W2064771273","https://openalex.org/W2065656021","https://openalex.org/W2085910483","https://openalex.org/W2095913482","https://openalex.org/W2097939097","https://openalex.org/W2098174516","https://openalex.org/W2103972604","https://openalex.org/W2104308613","https://openalex.org/W2104471789","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2118425803","https://openalex.org/W2123457453","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2130988654","https://openalex.org/W2138706041","https://openalex.org/W2145841867","https://openalex.org/W2149551443","https://openalex.org/W2163430887","https://openalex.org/W2164207971","https://openalex.org/W2164390589","https://openalex.org/W2187877035","https://openalex.org/W2194356940","https://openalex.org/W2211589247","https://openalex.org/W2274494594","https://openalex.org/W2286274660","https://openalex.org/W2342925881","https://openalex.org/W2343667351","https://openalex.org/W2357400875","https://openalex.org/W2444464560","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2563557684","https://openalex.org/W2581518765","https://openalex.org/W2582666574","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2611156504","https://openalex.org/W2611328865","https://openalex.org/W2647026091","https://openalex.org/W2783001585","https://openalex.org/W2795163378","https://openalex.org/W2808060778","https://openalex.org/W2891589246","https://openalex.org/W2892433162","https://openalex.org/W2893104611","https://openalex.org/W2904533899","https://openalex.org/W2921712855","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963180775","https://openalex.org/W2964075618","https://openalex.org/W2975855329","https://openalex.org/W2991298682","https://openalex.org/W3015772224","https://openalex.org/W3015978167","https://openalex.org/W3035311577","https://openalex.org/W3040360205","https://openalex.org/W3097932407","https://openalex.org/W3105340263","https://openalex.org/W3106271742","https://openalex.org/W3162865345","https://openalex.org/W3188818167","https://openalex.org/W4246468043","https://openalex.org/W4287815592","https://openalex.org/W6675782638","https://openalex.org/W6677493787","https://openalex.org/W6684070812","https://openalex.org/W6687271134","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6747639304","https://openalex.org/W6760274699","https://openalex.org/W6763422710","https://openalex.org/W6775908244","https://openalex.org/W6779498064","https://openalex.org/W6795012811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380451819","https://openalex.org/W2125716714","https://openalex.org/W2387210280","https://openalex.org/W3080858538","https://openalex.org/W2569610252","https://openalex.org/W3012040388","https://openalex.org/W2165657214","https://openalex.org/W2541915404","https://openalex.org/W2387710128","https://openalex.org/W2548354930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,107],"propose":[1],"a":[2,23,35,60,92,126,153,176,210,217],"high-resolution":[3,139],"imaging":[4,204,233],"radar":[5,95,116,205,234],"system":[6,235],"to":[7,58,64,82,112,124,137,213,225],"enable":[8,138],"high-fidelity":[9],"four-dimensional":[10],"(4D)":[11],"sensing":[12],"for":[13],"autonomous":[14],"driving,":[15],"i.e.,":[16],"range,":[17],"Doppler,":[18],"azimuth,":[19],"and":[20,30,145,167,188,242],"elevation,":[21],"through":[22],"joint":[24,237],"sparsity":[25,238],"design":[26],"in":[27,75,142,185,239],"frequency":[28,45,240],"spectrum":[29,241],"array":[31,130,135,150,161],"configurations.":[32],"To":[33,70],"accommodate":[34],"high":[36,66,72,102,183],"number":[37],"of":[38,104,133,156,229],"automotive":[39],"radars":[40],"operating":[41],"at":[42],"the":[43,84,109,157,168,182,186,227,230],"same":[44],"band":[46],"while":[47],"avoiding":[48],"mutual":[49],"interference,":[50],"random":[51],"sparse":[52,129,149],"step-frequency":[53],"waveform":[54],"(RSSFW)":[55],"is":[56,172],"proposed":[57,203,231],"synthesize":[59,125],"large":[61],"effective":[62],"bandwidth":[63],"achieve":[65],"range":[67,73],"resolution":[68,211],"profiles.":[69],"mitigate":[71],"sidelobes":[74,184],"RSSFW":[76,110],"radars,":[77],"optimal":[78],"weights":[79],"are":[80,98,191,223],"designed":[81],"minimize":[83],"peak":[85],"sidelobe":[86],"level":[87],"such":[88],"that":[89,195],"targets":[90,197],"with":[91,131,163,209,216,236],"relatively":[93],"small":[94],"cross":[96],"section":[97],"detectable":[99],"without":[100],"introducing":[101],"probability":[103],"false":[105],"alarm.":[106],"extend":[108],"concept":[111],"multi-input":[113],"multi-output":[114],"(MIMO)":[115],"by":[117,174],"applying":[118],"phase":[119],"codes":[120],"along":[121],"slow":[122],"time":[123],"two-dimensional":[127],"(2D)":[128],"hundreds":[132],"virtual":[134],"elements":[136],"direction":[140],"finding":[141],"both":[143],"azimuth":[144,187],"elevation.":[146],"The":[147,202],"2D":[148],"acts":[151],"as":[152],"sub-Nyquist":[154],"sampler":[155],"corresponding":[158,169],"uniform":[159],"rectangular":[160],"(URA)":[162],"half-wavelength":[164],"interelement":[165],"spacing,":[166],"URA":[170],"response":[171],"recovered":[173],"completing":[175],"low-rank":[177],"block":[178],"Hankel":[179],"matrix.":[180],"Consequently,":[181],"elevation":[189],"spectra":[190],"greatly":[192],"suppressed":[193],"so":[194],"weak":[196],"can":[198],"be":[199],"reliably":[200],"detected.":[201],"provides":[206],"point":[207],"clouds":[208],"comparable":[212],"LiDAR":[214],"but":[215],"much":[218],"lower":[219],"cost.":[220],"Numerical":[221],"simulations":[222],"conducted":[224],"demonstrate":[226],"performance":[228],"4D":[232],"antenna":[243],"arrays.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}