{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2765131619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2835772","title":"Requirements for Secure Clock Synchronization","display_name":"Requirements for Secure Clock Synchronization","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2765131619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2835772","mag":"2765131619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2018.2835772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2835772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05798","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032174896","display_name":"Lakshay Narula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-4244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lakshay Narula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8858-4244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026955319","display_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-6988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032174896"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94872623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"749","last_page":"762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.8197103142738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7898949384689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.7154818177223206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/master-clock","display_name":"Master clock","score":0.7091761231422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.5918833613395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5443617105484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-synchronization","display_name":"Data synchronization","score":0.4681283235549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-transfer","display_name":"Time transfer","score":0.46434101462364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-clocking-signal","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","score":0.4512670040130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4451709985733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3745455741882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34362778067588806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.2142619490623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16800183057785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.13912636041641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.13836407661437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.10189688205718994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.8197103142738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7898949384689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.7154818177223206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65595194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000863","display_name":"Master clock","level":4,"score":0.7091761231422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.5918833613395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5443617105484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108734733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172333","display_name":"Data synchronization","level":3,"score":0.4681283235549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127568405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805271","display_name":"Time transfer","level":3,"score":0.46434101462364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171051901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389679","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","level":5,"score":0.4512670040130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4451709985733032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3745455741882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34362778067588806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.2142619490623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16800183057785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.13912636041641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.13836407661437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.10189688205718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2018.2835772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2835772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1710.05798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05798","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05798","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1710.05798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05798","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1710.05798","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6291718774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1454474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1656028867","https://openalex.org/W1768240848","https://openalex.org/W1824580093","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1979498263","https://openalex.org/W1984828789","https://openalex.org/W2009950372","https://openalex.org/W2013032827","https://openalex.org/W2013409485","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2026977523","https://openalex.org/W2028423468","https://openalex.org/W2041706999","https://openalex.org/W2047925852","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2054655187","https://openalex.org/W2070755159","https://openalex.org/W2125448478","https://openalex.org/W2130677190","https://openalex.org/W2150029405","https://openalex.org/W2151413173","https://openalex.org/W2184465015","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2412253479","https://openalex.org/W2419511862","https://openalex.org/W2564348914","https://openalex.org/W2593150782","https://openalex.org/W2593812765","https://openalex.org/W2600191876","https://openalex.org/W2610334615","https://openalex.org/W2617639307","https://openalex.org/W2625043143","https://openalex.org/W2987687226","https://openalex.org/W3100615231","https://openalex.org/W3123386361","https://openalex.org/W3137759927","https://openalex.org/W3150648859","https://openalex.org/W4237774489","https://openalex.org/W4244337153","https://openalex.org/W6638078001","https://openalex.org/W6663800834","https://openalex.org/W6686557972","https://openalex.org/W6731444482","https://openalex.org/W6735546583","https://openalex.org/W6738422300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1924044602","https://openalex.org/W4384518564","https://openalex.org/W2789675190","https://openalex.org/W2617460149","https://openalex.org/W2353464721","https://openalex.org/W3000741217","https://openalex.org/W2385806990","https://openalex.org/W2391098457","https://openalex.org/W2381047436","https://openalex.org/W2888912720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,76],"paper":[1,77],"establishes":[2],"a":[3,47,50,122,145],"fundamental":[4],"theory":[5],"of":[6,16,98,155],"secure":[7,101,138],"clock":[8,11,29,103],"synchronization.":[9],"Accurate":[10],"synchronization":[12,30,104,124],"is":[13,105,115,126,133,149],"the":[14,36,56,61,72,153],"backbone":[15],"systems":[17],"managing":[18],"power":[19],"distribution,":[20],"financial":[21],"transactions,":[22],"telecommunication":[23],"operations,":[24],"database":[25],"services,":[26],"etc.":[27],"Some":[28],"(time":[31],"transfer)":[32],"systems,":[33,40],"such":[34,54],"as":[35,55],"global":[37],"navigation":[38],"satellite":[39],"are":[41,85,142],"based":[42],"on":[43],"one-way":[44,81],"communication":[45,70],"from":[46],"master":[48,73],"to":[49,87,109,151],"slave":[51],"clock.":[52],"Others,":[53],"network":[57],"transport":[58],"protocol,":[59,125],"and":[60,74,107,112,132,144],"IEEE":[62,118,139],"1588":[63,119,140],"precision":[64],"time":[65,82],"protocol":[66,148],"(PTP),":[67],"involve":[68],"two-way":[69,102,123],"between":[71],"slave.":[75],"shows":[78],"that":[79,90,117],"all":[80],"transfer":[83],"protocols":[84],"vulnerable":[86],"replay":[88],"attacks":[89],"can":[91],"potentially":[92],"compromise":[93],"timing":[94],"information.":[95],"A":[96],"set":[97],"conditions":[99],"for":[100,137],"proposed":[106],"proved":[108],"be":[110],"necessary":[111],"sufficient.":[113],"It":[114],"shown":[116],"PTP,":[120],"although":[121],"not":[127],"compliant":[128,156],"with":[129],"these":[130],"conditions,":[131],"therefore":[134],"insecure.":[135],"Requirements":[136],"PTP":[141],"proposed,":[143],"second":[146],"example":[147],"offered":[150],"illustrate":[152],"range":[154],"systems.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}