{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2789126652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2814009","title":"A Hardware-Efficient Analog Network Structure for Hybrid Precoding in Millimeter Wave Systems","display_name":"A Hardware-Efficient Analog Network Structure for Hybrid Precoding in Millimeter Wave Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2789126652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2814009","mag":"2789126652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2018.2814009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2814009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.10320","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028609226","display_name":"Xianghao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-8712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-8712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433167","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052203","display_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4489,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97709397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"282","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.7921833992004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7228455543518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-module","display_name":"Phase shift module","score":0.6702380180358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.6290968060493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.6017942428588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5083188414573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.47406238317489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4527835547924042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.43927210569381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.42467132210731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.41930100321769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3850458264350891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3694201707839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.2830970883369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22615781426429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17562147974967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17095980048179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1420590877532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09641385078430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.09201380610466003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.7921833992004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7228455543518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103864889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480524","display_name":"Phase shift module","level":3,"score":0.6702380180358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.6290968060493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.6017942428588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5083188414573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.47406238317489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4527835547924042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.43927210569381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.42467132210731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.41930100321769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3850458264350891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3694201707839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.2830970883369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22615781426429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17562147974967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17095980048179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1420590877532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09641385078430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.09201380610466003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2018.2814009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2018.2814009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1802.10320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10320","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.10320","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-90169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-90169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-90169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85043481050&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1802.10320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10320","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.10320","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1417226415","https://openalex.org/W1423052447","https://openalex.org/W1432778544","https://openalex.org/W1586395257","https://openalex.org/W1992463666","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2015301486","https://openalex.org/W2015959396","https://openalex.org/W2037682381","https://openalex.org/W2041287972","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2081688811","https://openalex.org/W2082639035","https://openalex.org/W2091012876","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2116193517","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2123296061","https://openalex.org/W2145412765","https://openalex.org/W2166705173","https://openalex.org/W2189661557","https://openalex.org/W2195833401","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2270735382","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2469174679","https://openalex.org/W2534230144","https://openalex.org/W2547350840","https://openalex.org/W2559695533","https://openalex.org/W2577986608","https://openalex.org/W2578642529","https://openalex.org/W2587991392","https://openalex.org/W2610857016","https://openalex.org/W2620617938","https://openalex.org/W2738742990","https://openalex.org/W2766551577","https://openalex.org/W2950773888","https://openalex.org/W2962732261","https://openalex.org/W2962748473","https://openalex.org/W2963779184","https://openalex.org/W2964218543","https://openalex.org/W3180462165","https://openalex.org/W4229706427","https://openalex.org/W4295530536","https://openalex.org/W6659855941","https://openalex.org/W6737011314"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281688526","https://openalex.org/W2152088989","https://openalex.org/W2756419127","https://openalex.org/W2112200261","https://openalex.org/W1842853702","https://openalex.org/W2388092979","https://openalex.org/W2120290218","https://openalex.org/W2539753171","https://openalex.org/W2020407408","https://openalex.org/W4214571564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"precoding":[1],"has":[2,22],"been":[3,23],"recently":[4],"proposed":[5,157],"as":[6],"a":[7,29,54,67,84,100,152,190],"cost-effective":[8],"transceiver":[9],"solution":[10],"for":[11,71],"millimeter":[12],"wave":[13],"systems.":[14],"While":[15],"the":[16,75,97,119,137,141,149,160,168,186],"number":[17,31,49,86,161],"of":[18,32,87,143,162],"radio":[19],"frequency":[20],"chains":[21],"effectively":[24],"reduced":[25,52],"in":[26,132],"existing":[27,183],"works,":[28],"large":[30],"high-precision":[33],"phase":[34,40,77,88,111,180],"shifters":[35,41,89,112,181],"are":[36,42],"still":[37],"needed.":[38],"Practical":[39],"with":[43,90,129,177],"coarsely":[44],"quantized":[45,91],"phases,":[46],"and":[47,59,92,140,196],"their":[48],"should":[50],"be":[51],"to":[53,57,106,113,118,135,146,158],"minimum":[55],"due":[56],"cost":[58],"power":[60],"consideration.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65],"propose":[66],"novel":[68],"hardware-efficient":[69],"implementation":[70],"hybrid":[72,138,171],"precoding,":[73],"called":[74],"fixed":[76,93],"shifter":[78],"(FPS)":[79],"implementation.":[80],"It":[81],"only":[82],"requires":[83],"small":[85],"phases.":[94],"To":[95],"enhance":[96],"spectral":[98,194],"efficiency,":[99],"switch":[101],"network":[102],"is":[103,116,127,156],"put":[104],"forward":[105],"provide":[107],"dynamic":[108],"connections":[109],"from":[110],"antennas,":[114],"which":[115],"adaptive":[117],"channel":[120],"states.":[121],"An":[122],"effective":[123],"alternating":[124],"minimization":[125],"algorithm":[126],"developed":[128],"closed-form":[130],"solutions":[131],"each":[133],"iteration":[134],"determine":[136],"precoder":[139,172],"states":[142],"switches.":[144,163],"Moreover,":[145],"further":[147],"reduce":[148,159],"hardware":[150,175,197],"complexity,":[151],"group-connected":[153,187],"mapping":[154,188],"strategy":[155],"Simulation":[164],"results":[165],"show":[166],"that":[167],"FPS":[169],"fully-connected":[170],"achieves":[173,189],"higher":[174],"efficiency":[176,195],"much":[178],"fewer":[179],"than":[182],"proposals.":[184],"Furthermore,":[185],"good":[191],"balance":[192],"between":[193],"complexity.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}