{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2730861556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2017.2722419","title":"BLAh: Boolean Logic Analysis for Graded Student Response Data","display_name":"BLAh: Boolean Logic Analysis for Graded Student Response Data","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2730861556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2017.2722419","mag":"2730861556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2017.2722419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2017.2722419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/455580","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063813962","display_name":"Andrew Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-6600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew S. Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061631706","display_name":"Andrew E. Waters","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew E. Waters","raw_affiliation_strings":["OpenStax, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OpenStax, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083617223","display_name":"Christoph Studer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8950-6267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Studer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School\u00a0of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School\u00a0of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072713767","display_name":"Richard G. Baraniuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-8999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard G. Baraniuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4274,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76619366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"5","first_page":"754","last_page":"764"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7796611785888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7033759355545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.5899274945259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4660172760486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4611928462982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.41048693656921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38679376244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32156652212142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2508699893951416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7796611785888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7033759355545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.5899274945259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4660172760486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4611928462982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41048693656921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38679376244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32156652212142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2508699893951416}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2017.2722419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2017.2722419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/455580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/455580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 11 (5)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000455580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000455580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/455580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/455580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 11 (5)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1108935830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1535897","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3084769159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1631681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3105170327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER CCF-1652065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3913860348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-15-1-2878","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G403004397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA955014-1-0088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7968611072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1408006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8521840475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-15-1-0316","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12070778","https://openalex.org/W32828536","https://openalex.org/W124870434","https://openalex.org/W133896751","https://openalex.org/W412110595","https://openalex.org/W650350307","https://openalex.org/W839929743","https://openalex.org/W1523223036","https://openalex.org/W1535520578","https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W1566530112","https://openalex.org/W1569739730","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1785531938","https://openalex.org/W1919216659","https://openalex.org/W1995884758","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2055649873","https://openalex.org/W2087334523","https://openalex.org/W2096451472","https://openalex.org/W2108306139","https://openalex.org/W2126917700","https://openalex.org/W2127374659","https://openalex.org/W2128002512","https://openalex.org/W2141708418","https://openalex.org/W2160920329","https://openalex.org/W2282479846","https://openalex.org/W2467755002","https://openalex.org/W2533023577","https://openalex.org/W2577350134","https://openalex.org/W2578430505","https://openalex.org/W2579624057","https://openalex.org/W2963645872","https://openalex.org/W2963783076","https://openalex.org/W2963857420","https://openalex.org/W2964195932","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4225753930","https://openalex.org/W4246435226","https://openalex.org/W4248681815","https://openalex.org/W4394656371","https://openalex.org/W6600460985","https://openalex.org/W6601358223","https://openalex.org/W6605000664","https://openalex.org/W6605417117","https://openalex.org/W6621483976","https://openalex.org/W6623493384","https://openalex.org/W6634246703","https://openalex.org/W6638334544","https://openalex.org/W6678614127","https://openalex.org/W6679244825","https://openalex.org/W6695462739","https://openalex.org/W6704546155","https://openalex.org/W6720096882","https://openalex.org/W6731898240","https://openalex.org/W6732302738","https://openalex.org/W6732858424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4312407344","https://openalex.org/W2142114659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,10,26],"(ML)":[2],"models":[3,39,67,106,135],"and":[4,17,49,92,183,242],"algorithms":[5],"can":[6,236],"enable":[7,43],"a":[8,79,82,86,125,136,142,148,154,187,198],"personalized":[9,25],"experience":[11],"for":[12,40,167],"students":[13],"in":[14,118],"an":[15],"inexpensive":[16],"scalable":[18],"manner.":[19],"At":[20],"the":[21,28,44,76,93,145,163,180,247],"heart":[22],"of":[23,31,46,89,147,190,200,249],"ML-driven":[24],"is":[27,102],"automated":[29],"analysis":[30,132],"student":[32,47,80,215],"responses":[33,216],"to":[34,98,141,240,245],"assessment":[35,250],"items.":[36,251],"Existing":[37],"statistical":[38],"this":[41,121],"task":[42],"estimation":[45],"knowledge":[48,91],"question":[50,83,143,169],"difficulty":[51,95],"solely":[52,170],"from":[53,61,171],"graded":[54,139,172],"response":[55,140,173],"data":[56],"with":[57,96,230],"only":[58,208],"minimal":[59],"effort":[60],"instructors.":[62],"However,":[63],"most":[64],"existing":[65],"student-response":[66,111,127],"are":[68,228],"generalized":[69],"linear":[70,87],"models,":[71],"meaning":[72],"that":[73,78,101,134,161,205],"they":[74],"characterize":[75,108],"probability":[77],"answers":[81],"correctly":[84],"through":[85],"combination":[88],"their":[90],"question's":[94],"respect":[97],"each":[99,168],"concept":[100],"being":[103],"assessed.":[104],"Such":[105],"cannot":[107],"complicated,":[109],"nonlinear":[110,126],"associations":[112],"and,":[113],"hence,":[114],"lack":[115],"human":[116],"interpretability":[117,184],"practice.":[119],"In":[120],"paper,":[122],"we":[123],"propose":[124],"model":[128,178],"called":[129],"Boolean":[130,149,164,192],"logic":[131,150,165,193],"(BLAh)":[133],"student's":[137],"binary-valued":[138],"as":[144],"output":[146],"function.":[151],"We":[152],"develop":[153],"Markov":[155],"chain":[156],"Monte":[157],"Carlo":[158],"inference":[159],"algorithm":[160],"learns":[162],"functions":[166],"data.":[174],"A":[175],"refined":[176],"BLAh":[177,206],"improves":[179],"identifiability,":[181],"tractability,":[182],"by":[185,232],"considering":[186],"restricted":[188],"set":[189],"ordered":[191],"functions.":[194],"Experimental":[195],"results":[196],"on":[197,213,217],"variety":[199],"real-world":[201],"educational":[202],"datasets":[203,219],"demonstrate":[204],"not":[207],"achieves":[209],"best-in-class":[210],"prediction":[211],"performance":[212],"unobserved":[214],"some":[218],"but":[220],"also":[221],"provides":[222],"easily":[223],"interpretable":[224],"parameters":[225],"when":[226],"questions":[227],"tagged":[229],"metadata":[231],"domain":[233],"experts,":[234],"which":[235],"provide":[237],"useful":[238],"feedback":[239],"instructors":[241],"content":[243],"designers":[244],"improve":[246],"quality":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
