{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076457767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2014.2313020","title":"Downlink Training Techniques for FDD Massive MIMO Systems: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Training With Memory","display_name":"Downlink Training Techniques for FDD Massive MIMO Systems: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Training With Memory","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076457767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2014.2313020","mag":"2076457767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2014.2313020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2014.2313020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.7712","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065248740","display_name":"Junil Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junil Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, IN","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001355478","display_name":"David J. Love","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5922-4787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Love","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, IN","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043768155","display_name":"Patrick Bidigare","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Bidigare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raytheon BBN Technologies, Arlington, VA","Raytheon BBN Technologies, Arlington,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raytheon BBN Technologies, Arlington, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raytheon BBN Technologies, Arlington,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.9419,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":461,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99795306,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"5","first_page":"802","last_page":"814"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7774944305419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7720869183540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7289480566978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6741659045219421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.629753053188324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5927331447601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4788267910480499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4444859027862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.36329299211502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3626669645309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.35987389087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34890812635421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2816515862941742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25181692838668823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7774944305419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7720869183540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7289480566978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6741659045219421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.629753053188324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5927331447601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4788267910480499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4444859027862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.36329299211502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3626669645309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35987389087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34890812635421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2816515862941742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25181692838668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2014.2313020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2014.2313020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1309.7712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7712","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.7712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.753.7211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.753.7211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.7712.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/36551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/36551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1309.7712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7712","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1309.7712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551095254","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1974598214","https://openalex.org/W1975227678","https://openalex.org/W1981906322","https://openalex.org/W2006309149","https://openalex.org/W2034035111","https://openalex.org/W2048098688","https://openalex.org/W2059335839","https://openalex.org/W2066086524","https://openalex.org/W2074863717","https://openalex.org/W2083814550","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2089121898","https://openalex.org/W2090409511","https://openalex.org/W2099781940","https://openalex.org/W2100622035","https://openalex.org/W2103052902","https://openalex.org/W2106929598","https://openalex.org/W2107080958","https://openalex.org/W2108256297","https://openalex.org/W2110659753","https://openalex.org/W2111113050","https://openalex.org/W2113157322","https://openalex.org/W2113271807","https://openalex.org/W2117784203","https://openalex.org/W2118040894","https://openalex.org/W2121315337","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2134503975","https://openalex.org/W2135890169","https://openalex.org/W2135893001","https://openalex.org/W2140050892","https://openalex.org/W2142238976","https://openalex.org/W2145013959","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2171231808","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W3100399470","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W3122646396","https://openalex.org/W4233159434","https://openalex.org/W4292058084","https://openalex.org/W4300694379","https://openalex.org/W4403939425","https://openalex.org/W6645603307","https://openalex.org/W6659196258","https://openalex.org/W6672868804","https://openalex.org/W6676735158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365807906","https://openalex.org/W2157864637","https://openalex.org/W4223416141","https://openalex.org/W2059045613","https://openalex.org/W2105999282","https://openalex.org/W1922070205","https://openalex.org/W2136902318","https://openalex.org/W2561058892","https://openalex.org/W4313028534","https://openalex.org/W884630482"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"concept":[1],"of":[2,7,24,59,74,101,129,200,228,243,248],"deploying":[3],"a":[4,71,126,144,197],"large":[5,57,72],"number":[6,58,227],"antennas":[8,61,230],"at":[9,62,240],"the":[10,56,63,75,99,102,119,123,137,148,152,172,176,184,191,203,206,215,221,226,241,244],"base":[11,64,120,138,207],"station,":[12,65,208],"often":[13],"called":[14],"massive":[15,37,83,255],"multiple-input":[16],"multiple-output":[17],"(MIMO),":[18],"has":[19],"drawn":[20],"considerable":[21],"interest":[22],"because":[23],"its":[25],"potential":[26],"ability":[27],"to":[28,55,180,205],"revolutionize":[29],"current":[30,51,153],"wireless":[31],"communication":[32,217,245],"systems.":[33,53,257],"Most":[34],"literature":[35],"on":[36,187],"MIMO":[38,84,256],"systems":[39],"assumes":[40],"time":[41],"division":[42,47],"duplexing":[43,48],"(TDD),":[44],"although":[45],"frequency":[46],"(FDD)":[49],"dominates":[50],"cellular":[52],"Due":[54],"transmit":[60,229],"currently":[66],"standardized":[67],"approaches":[68],"would":[69,250],"require":[70],"percentage":[73],"precious":[76],"downlink":[77,103],"and":[78,91,110,122,147,162,165,190],"uplink":[79],"resources":[80],"in":[81,114,132,143,183,214],"FDD":[82],"be":[85,181,251],"used":[86],"for":[87,254],"training":[88,104,112,130,141,178,194,210],"signal":[89,179],"transmissions":[90],"channel":[92,154,157,167,188,235],"state":[93],"information":[94],"(CSI)":[95],"feedback.":[96],"To":[97],"reduce":[98],"overhead":[100],"phase,":[105,218],"we":[106],"propose":[107],"practical":[108],"open-loop":[109,135],"closed-loop":[111,170,209],"frameworks":[113],"this":[115],"paper.":[116],"We":[117],"assume":[118],"station":[121,139],"user":[124,149,173,204],"share":[125],"common":[127],"set":[128],"signals":[131,142],"advance.":[133],"In":[134,169],"training,":[136,171],"transmits":[140],"round-robin":[145],"manner,":[146],"successively":[150],"estimates":[151,236],"using":[155],"long-term":[156],"statistics":[158],"such":[159],"as":[160],"temporal":[161],"spatial":[163],"correlations":[164],"previous":[166],"estimates.":[168],"feeds":[174],"back":[175],"best":[177],"sent":[182],"future":[185],"based":[186],"prediction":[189],"previously":[192],"received":[193],"signals.":[195],"With":[196],"small":[198],"amount":[199],"feedback":[201],"from":[202],"offers":[211],"better":[212],"performance":[213],"data":[216],"especially":[219],"when":[220],"signal-to-noise":[222],"ratio":[223],"is":[224,231],"low,":[225],"large,":[232],"or":[233],"prior":[234],"are":[237],"not":[238],"accurate":[239],"beginning":[242],"setup,":[246],"all":[247],"which":[249],"mostly":[252],"beneficial":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}