{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043144513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2013.2274173","title":"Rate-Distortion Optimized Transforms Based on the Lloyd-Type Algorithm for Intra Block Coding","display_name":"Rate-Distortion Optimized Transforms Based on the Lloyd-Type Algorithm for Intra Block Coding","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043144513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2013.2274173","mag":"2043144513"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2013.2274173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2013.2274173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029410135","display_name":"Feng Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-8779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010546001","display_name":"Oscar C. Au","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar C. Au","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024714464","display_name":"Chao Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3501-2960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103006933","display_name":"Jingjing Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8565-1977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432035","display_name":"Xingyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5718-781X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol. (HKUST), Kowloon, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039161616","display_name":"Lu Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-784X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China","Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Inf. Sci., Univ. of Sci. & Technol. of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng. & Inf. Sci., Univ. of Sci. & Technol. of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029410135"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8627837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"6","first_page":"1072","last_page":"1083"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.7134237885475159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6913813352584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transform-coding","display_name":"Transform coding","score":0.6222887635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lapped-transform","display_name":"Lapped transform","score":0.5698933005332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate\u2013distortion-optimization","display_name":"Rate\u2013distortion optimization","score":0.5631175637245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4846339821815491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-distortion","display_name":"Rate distortion","score":0.4817652702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karhunen\u2013lo\u00e8ve-theorem","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","score":0.4671435058116913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4436514973640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-efficiency","display_name":"Algorithmic efficiency","score":0.4414239823818207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4055485129356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17607548832893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11414876580238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08757790923118591}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.7134237885475159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6913813352584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169805256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361381","display_name":"Transform coding","level":4,"score":0.6222887635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91458471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096468","display_name":"Lapped transform","level":5,"score":0.5698933005332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50056821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774502","display_name":"Rate\u2013distortion optimization","level":5,"score":0.5631175637245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4846339821815491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982755384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843483","display_name":"Rate distortion","level":3,"score":0.4817652702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109308471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2046647","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","level":2,"score":0.4671435058116913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4436514973640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116709606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1296251","display_name":"Algorithmic efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4414239823818207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4055485129356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17607548832893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11414876580238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08757790923118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23431618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404672","display_name":"Multiview Video Coding","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2013.2274173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2013.2274173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-59709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-59709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1680579736","https://openalex.org/W1916685473","https://openalex.org/W1984837681","https://openalex.org/W1998325344","https://openalex.org/W2000193445","https://openalex.org/W2008221957","https://openalex.org/W2038297644","https://openalex.org/W2073654533","https://openalex.org/W2101700394","https://openalex.org/W2114396644","https://openalex.org/W2127295759","https://openalex.org/W2127588422","https://openalex.org/W2133833176","https://openalex.org/W2134190709","https://openalex.org/W2163801326","https://openalex.org/W2255744511","https://openalex.org/W4241423584","https://openalex.org/W6652650672","https://openalex.org/W6669178256","https://openalex.org/W6692161279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006218813","https://openalex.org/W2953035947","https://openalex.org/W2090321462","https://openalex.org/W3013747218","https://openalex.org/W2103981088","https://openalex.org/W2107474339","https://openalex.org/W2168652241","https://openalex.org/W2036627798","https://openalex.org/W2130619568","https://openalex.org/W2389207674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,153],"directional":[1],"intra":[2],"prediction":[3,46],"(IP)":[4],"in":[5,78,159],"H.264/AVC":[6],"and":[7,104,132,142,179],"HEVC":[8],"tends":[9],"to":[10,14,44,50,98,101,112,146],"cause":[11],"the":[12,19,51,58,65,114,128,134,148,175,184],"residue":[13,55],"be":[15,99],"anisotropic.":[16],"To":[17],"transform":[18,31,42,73,87,111,140],"IP":[20,60,76],"residue,":[21],"Mode":[22],"Dependent":[23],"Directional":[24],"Transform":[25],"(MDDT)":[26],"based":[27],"on":[28],"Karhunen":[29],"Lo\u00e8ve":[30],"(KLT)":[32],"can":[33,107],"achieve":[34],"better":[35],"energy":[36],"compaction":[37],"than":[38],"DCT,":[39],"with":[40,57],"one":[41,72],"assigned":[43],"each":[45,75,105],"mode.":[47],"However,":[48],"due":[49],"data":[52,143],"variation,":[53],"different":[54],"blocks":[56],"same":[59,66],"mode":[61],"may":[62],"not":[63],"have":[64],"statistical":[67],"properties.":[68],"Instead":[69],"of":[70,94,127,139,151,162],"constraining":[71],"for":[74],"mode,":[77],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"a":[83,92,120],"novel":[84],"rate-distortion":[85,115],"optimized":[86],"(RDOT)":[88],"scheme":[89,156],"which":[90,123],"allows":[91],"set":[93,150],"specially":[95],"trained":[96],"transforms":[97],"available":[100],"all":[102],"modes,":[103],"block":[106],"choose":[108],"its":[109],"preferred":[110],"minimize":[113],"(RD)":[116],"cost.":[117],"We":[118],"define":[119],"cost":[121,131],"function":[122],"is":[124,157],"an":[125],"estimate":[126],"true":[129],"RD":[130],"use":[133],"Lloyd-type":[135],"algorithm":[136],"(a":[137],"sequence":[138],"optimization":[141],"reclassification":[144],"alternately)":[145],"find":[147],"optimal":[149],"transforms.":[152],"proposed":[154],"RDOT":[155,168],"implemented":[158],"HM9.0":[160],"software":[161],"HEVC.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165],"suggest":[166],"that":[167],"effectively":[169],"achieves":[170],"1.6%":[171,180],"BD-Rate":[172,181],"reduction":[173,182],"under":[174,183],"Intra":[176,185],"Main":[177],"condition":[178],"High":[186],"Efficiency":[187],"(HE)":[188],"10bit":[189],"condition.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}