{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116674539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2032952","title":"Criteria to Improve Time-Delay Estimation of Spread Spectrum Signals in Satellite Positioning","display_name":"Criteria to Improve Time-Delay Estimation of Spread Spectrum Signals in Satellite Positioning","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116674539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2032952","mag":"2116674539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2009.2032952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2032952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108237600","display_name":"Francesca Zanier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44377176","display_name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03h3jqn23","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}],"countries":["IT","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Zanier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands","Dipt. di Ing. dell'Inf., Univ. di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Ing. dell'Inf., Univ. di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016010300","display_name":"Giacomo Bacci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1762-8024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giacomo Bacci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Dipt. di Ing. dell'Inf., Univ. di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Ing. dell'Inf., Univ. di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068301009","display_name":"Marco Luise","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-0914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Luise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Dipt. di Ing. dell'Inf., Univ. di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Ing. dell'Inf., Univ. di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4249,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83580283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"5","first_page":"748","last_page":"763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-mitigation","display_name":"Multipath mitigation","score":0.8643943071365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7137041091918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.6629703640937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6540024876594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.5530275106430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-noise","display_name":"Pseudorandom noise","score":0.5416813492774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5256717801094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5219494700431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.5121374130249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.4533025026321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.44803425669670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4464103579521179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.43212610483169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-binary-sequence","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","score":0.42449724674224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.40808624029159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.40155166387557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33616313338279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.3227859139442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.30266979336738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19504818320274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10334870219230652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776015439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25313558","display_name":"Multipath mitigation","level":4,"score":0.8643943071365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7137041091918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.6629703640937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6540024876594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.5530275106430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151881341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910571","display_name":"Pseudorandom noise","level":4,"score":0.5416813492774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5256717801094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5219494700431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5121374130249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.4533025026321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.44803425669670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4464103579521179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.43212610483169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128040838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810628","display_name":"Pseudorandom binary sequence","level":3,"score":0.42449724674224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40808624029159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.40155166387557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33616313338279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.3227859139442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.30266979336738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19504818320274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10334870219230652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2009.2032952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2032952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/128684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/128684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11812926","https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W281262958","https://openalex.org/W591205089","https://openalex.org/W1516152711","https://openalex.org/W1533880080","https://openalex.org/W1545221733","https://openalex.org/W1615392173","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2021103599","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2046476204","https://openalex.org/W2056354890","https://openalex.org/W2062559497","https://openalex.org/W2067096554","https://openalex.org/W2072165004","https://openalex.org/W2082236248","https://openalex.org/W2088968349","https://openalex.org/W2099401470","https://openalex.org/W2120285461","https://openalex.org/W2122635992","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2138548210","https://openalex.org/W2138722406","https://openalex.org/W2143168098","https://openalex.org/W2144136361","https://openalex.org/W2150970583","https://openalex.org/W2153928168","https://openalex.org/W2156077606","https://openalex.org/W2172066773","https://openalex.org/W2287811884","https://openalex.org/W2316490473","https://openalex.org/W2327935394","https://openalex.org/W2482182218","https://openalex.org/W2595619567","https://openalex.org/W2801179766","https://openalex.org/W3020940996","https://openalex.org/W4254229644","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300223101","https://openalex.org/W6610238755","https://openalex.org/W6631964581","https://openalex.org/W6696482863","https://openalex.org/W6735064317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168932789","https://openalex.org/W2348496033","https://openalex.org/W2359988188","https://openalex.org/W2377703742","https://openalex.org/W3150014313","https://openalex.org/W2019938427","https://openalex.org/W2017017227","https://openalex.org/W1971307907","https://openalex.org/W2021629284","https://openalex.org/W1963754132"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Positioning":[0],"accuracy":[1,27,47],"in":[2,48],"satellite":[3,12,140],"navigation":[4],"systems":[5],"depends":[6],"on":[7,57,74],"time-delay":[8],"estimation":[9,35],"(TDE)":[10],"between":[11],"transmitted":[13],"codes":[14],"and":[15],"local":[16],"receiver":[17],"replicas.":[18],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"explores":[21],"the":[22,49,58,75,78,81,93,127,146],"fundamental":[23],"limits":[24],"of":[25,28,34,62,77,80,126,134,148],"TDE":[26,82],"spread":[29,66],"spectrum":[30,67],"signals":[31,137],"making":[32],"use":[33],"theory.":[36],"In":[37],"particular,":[38],"this":[39],"contribution":[40],"derives":[41,88],"some":[42],"criteria":[43],"to":[44,103,119,145],"improve":[45],"positioning":[46,141],"additive":[50],"white":[51],"Gaussian":[52],"noise":[53],"(multipath-free)":[54],"scenario,":[55],"focusing":[56],"(satellite)":[59],"transmitter":[60],"side":[61],"a":[63,89,101,113],"direct":[64],"sequence":[65],"(DS-SS)":[68],"system.":[69],"Three":[70],"different":[71],"solutions":[72,129],"based":[73],"minimization":[76],"variance":[79],"are":[83,151],"presented.":[84],"The":[85,97,109],"first":[86],"method":[87,102],"design":[90,104],"criterion":[91],"for":[92,138],"shaping":[94,115],"pulse":[95],"format.":[96],"second":[98],"approach":[99],"outlines":[100],"binary":[105],"pseudorandom":[106],"spreading":[107,123],"sequences.":[108],"third":[110],"solution":[111],"considers":[112],"joint":[114],"pulse-spreading":[116],"code":[117],"optimization":[118],"derive":[120],"band-limited,":[121],"non-binary":[122],"waveforms.":[124],"Performance":[125],"proposed":[128],"is":[130],"compared":[131],"with":[132],"that":[133],"existing":[135],"DS-SS":[136],"current":[139],"systems.":[142],"Possible":[143],"countermeasures":[144],"effects":[147],"multipath":[149],"propagation":[150],"also":[152],"discussed.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}