{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997164879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2025635","title":"Compass-M1 Broadcast Codes in E2, E5b, and E6 Frequency Bands","display_name":"Compass-M1 Broadcast Codes in E2, E5b, and E6 Frequency Bands","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997164879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2025635","mag":"1997164879"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2009.2025635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2025635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069625302","display_name":"Grace Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1807-8637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grace Xingxin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018256607","display_name":"Alan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8246-2935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102765245","display_name":"Sherman Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-6506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherman Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027134864","display_name":"David Lorenzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-0961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David De Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072997498","display_name":"Todd Walter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3257-3175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Walter","raw_affiliation_strings":["GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066683993","display_name":"Per Enge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per Enge","raw_affiliation_strings":["GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Laboratory, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GPS Lab., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2727,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94036028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"599","last_page":"612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compass","display_name":"Compass","score":0.8348565101623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7958332896232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.722212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glonass","display_name":"GLONASS","score":0.7098915576934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-code","display_name":"Gold code","score":0.6334908604621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.6136630773544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5870884656906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-noise","display_name":"Pseudorandom noise","score":0.5760347843170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.5104004740715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.48569902777671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48519065976142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4621134400367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4471226930618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3472434878349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3373350501060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32689857482910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.2963288128376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.2835889458656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.1946878731250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.1704210340976715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16203877329826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12608101963996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12084227800369263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778361833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34735","display_name":"Compass","level":2,"score":0.8348565101623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7958332896232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.722212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.7098915576934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3716999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2635984","display_name":"Gold code","level":4,"score":0.6334908604621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.6136630773544312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5870884656906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151881341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910571","display_name":"Pseudorandom noise","level":4,"score":0.5760347843170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5104004740715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.48569902777671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48519065976142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4621134400367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4471226930618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3472434878349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3373350501060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32689857482910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2963288128376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.2835889458656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.1946878731250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.1704210340976715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16203877329826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12608101963996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12084227800369263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstsp.2009.2025635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2009.2025635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42167783","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-4553","issn":["1932-4553","1941-0484"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309369","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11812926","https://openalex.org/W150674857","https://openalex.org/W187755216","https://openalex.org/W1507019847","https://openalex.org/W1525552993","https://openalex.org/W1596607002","https://openalex.org/W1635331037","https://openalex.org/W1963821050","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2162442687","https://openalex.org/W2187444799","https://openalex.org/W2492702548","https://openalex.org/W2565198227","https://openalex.org/W3040938099","https://openalex.org/W4243205024","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6686770879","https://openalex.org/W6731214360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061936046","https://openalex.org/W2810815405","https://openalex.org/W2792105559","https://openalex.org/W3093806329","https://openalex.org/W101078611","https://openalex.org/W2021136753","https://openalex.org/W2797341856","https://openalex.org/W2015050076","https://openalex.org/W2096164090","https://openalex.org/W2232394711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,16,26,31,35,39,45,49,68,71,84,91,97,101,112,133,139,142,163,169,189,203],"launch":[2],"of":[3,30,70,80,96,103,117,168,181,210],"compass-M1":[5],"satellite":[6,22],"on":[7],"14":[8],"April":[9],"2007,":[10],"China":[11],"is":[12,73,88,145],"set":[13,125],"to":[14,109,131,161,207,228],"become":[15],"latest":[17],"entrant":[18],"into":[19],"global":[20],"navigation":[21],"systems":[23],"(GNSS).":[24],"Understanding":[25],"interoperability":[27],"and":[28,48,54,64,82,114,148,158,230],"integration":[29],"Chinese":[32,119],"Compass":[33],"with":[34,138,213],"current":[36,98],"GNSS,":[37],"namely":[38],"U.S.":[40],"Global":[41],"Positioning":[42],"System":[43],"(GPS),":[44],"European":[46],"Galileo,":[47],"Russian":[50],"GLONASS,":[51],"requires":[52],"knowing":[53],"understanding":[55],"its":[56,59],"signal":[57,92,115,144,156],"structures-specifically":[58],"pseudorandom":[60],"noise":[61,170],"(PRN)":[62],"codes":[63,178,192,223],"code":[65,72,113,165,205,211],"structures.":[66],"Moreover,":[67],"knowledge":[69],"a":[74,127,216],"prerequisite":[75],"for":[76],"designing":[77],"receivers":[78],"capable":[79],"acquiring":[81],"tracking":[83],"satellite.":[85],"More":[86],"important":[87],"determining":[89],"if":[90],"may":[93],"degrade":[94],"performance":[95],"GNSS":[99],"in":[100,150,171,193,224],"form":[102],"interference.":[104],"Finally,":[105,219],"we":[106,124,186,220],"are":[107,159,179,197],"eager":[108],"learn":[110],"from":[111],"design":[116],"our":[118,225,232],"colleagues.":[120],"For":[121],"this":[122],"research,":[123],"up":[126],"1.8-m":[128],"dish":[129,140],"antenna":[130],"collect":[132],"broadcast":[134],"Compass-M1":[135,190],"signals.":[136],"Even":[137],"antenna,":[141],"received":[143],"still":[146],"weak":[147],"buried":[149],"thermal":[151],"noise.":[152],"We":[153,200],"then":[154],"apply":[155],"processing":[157],"able":[160],"extract":[162],"PRN":[164,177,191],"chips":[166,212],"out":[167],"all":[172,194],"three":[173],"frequency":[174,195],"bands.":[175],"The":[176],"thousands":[180,209],"bits":[182],"long.":[183],"In":[184],"addition,":[185],"find":[187],"that":[188],"bands":[196],"Gold":[198,204],"codes.":[199],"also":[201],"derive":[202],"generators":[206],"represents":[208],"fewer":[214],"than":[215],"hundred":[217],"bits.":[218],"implement":[221],"these":[222],"software":[226],"receiver":[227],"verify":[229],"validate":[231],"analysis.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}