{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417131635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","title":"A Chlorophyll Concentration Inversion Method Based on OWTs and 1D CNN-Transformer Feature Extraction","display_name":"A Chlorophyll Concentration Inversion Method Based on OWTs and 1D CNN-Transformer Feature Extraction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417131635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110705357","display_name":"Yu\u2010Sheng Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusheng Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011436440","display_name":"Tao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-8343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-8343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704501","display_name":"Jian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5506-4819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5506-4819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106418077","display_name":"Xuehong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-8610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-8610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110515988","display_name":"Shuying Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuying Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5856-4153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5856-4153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007966790","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6560-193X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6560-193X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.6852,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90727567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"2006","last_page":"2032"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.5532000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.5532000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.13099999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.061799999326467514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6912999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle","display_name":"Superposition principle","score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.3961000144481659}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6912999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5669000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778902199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133878","display_name":"Chlorophyll a","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778395939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2160967","display_name":"Water extraction","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3641630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1860322032","https://openalex.org/W1964357740","https://openalex.org/W1977177161","https://openalex.org/W1990607096","https://openalex.org/W2007101051","https://openalex.org/W2015479975","https://openalex.org/W2049151491","https://openalex.org/W2056003716","https://openalex.org/W2059507852","https://openalex.org/W2063178769","https://openalex.org/W2067029077","https://openalex.org/W2077358591","https://openalex.org/W2091660302","https://openalex.org/W2094825746","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2128158766","https://openalex.org/W2140939548","https://openalex.org/W2159232670","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2341366677","https://openalex.org/W2408672800","https://openalex.org/W2800618803","https://openalex.org/W2943151220","https://openalex.org/W2943845795","https://openalex.org/W2944923679","https://openalex.org/W3004942926","https://openalex.org/W3015598247","https://openalex.org/W3024919957","https://openalex.org/W3036590418","https://openalex.org/W3042832640","https://openalex.org/W3108582286","https://openalex.org/W3122980091","https://openalex.org/W3128837988","https://openalex.org/W3130219998","https://openalex.org/W3130529710","https://openalex.org/W3135043684","https://openalex.org/W3164917952","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W3200033436","https://openalex.org/W3203999728","https://openalex.org/W3206809412","https://openalex.org/W4206833227","https://openalex.org/W4254456797","https://openalex.org/W4289236186","https://openalex.org/W4292260751","https://openalex.org/W4306406852","https://openalex.org/W4311970550","https://openalex.org/W4312117167","https://openalex.org/W4327970831","https://openalex.org/W4378084633","https://openalex.org/W4381620643","https://openalex.org/W4385644809","https://openalex.org/W4386562568","https://openalex.org/W4387801976","https://openalex.org/W4388952980","https://openalex.org/W4389395933","https://openalex.org/W4389523895","https://openalex.org/W4391035656","https://openalex.org/W4395075121","https://openalex.org/W4404563899","https://openalex.org/W4404848926","https://openalex.org/W4406271319","https://openalex.org/W4406983053","https://openalex.org/W4407741277","https://openalex.org/W4410083285","https://openalex.org/W4411948852"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"inversion":[1,38,157],"of":[2,13,23,184,192,197,200,231],"chlorophyll-a":[3],"(Chla)":[4],"across":[5,158],"water":[6,15,42,77,147],"bodies":[7],"is":[8],"challenged":[9],"by":[10,19],"the":[11,20,68,72,110,130,136,151,164,173,229],"diversity":[12],"optical":[14,24,76],"types":[16,78],"(OWTs)":[17],"and":[18,57,83,109,132,142,153,172,194,206,225],"nonlinear":[21],"superposition":[22],"signals":[25],"from":[26],"optically":[27],"active":[28],"constituents.":[29],"To":[30],"address":[31],"these":[32],"challenges,":[33],"this":[34],"study":[35,221],"introduces":[36],"an":[37],"method":[39],"based":[40,119,145],"on":[41,120,146],"classification":[43,148],"that":[44],"integrates":[45],"dual-stream":[46],"feature":[47,89,100,140],"extraction":[48,90,141],"(via":[49],"a":[50,121,179,186,195],"one-dimensional":[51],"convolutional":[52],"neural":[53],"network":[54],"(1D":[55],"CNN)-Transformer)":[56],"multimodel":[58],"evaluation,":[59],"termed":[60],"OWT-CCINET.":[61],"We":[62],"first":[63],"applied":[64],"k-means":[65],"clustering":[66],"to":[67,208],"reflectance":[69],"spectra,":[70],"dividing":[71],"samples":[73],"into":[74],"four":[75],"(OWTs):":[79],"eutrophic,":[80],"turbid,":[81],"clear,":[82],"moderately":[84],"turbid.":[85],"For":[86],"each":[87,115],"group,":[88],"was":[91,117],"adjusted":[92],"using":[93],"either":[94],"sequential":[95],"or":[96],"parallel":[97],"branches.":[98],"Several":[99],"combinations":[101],"were":[102,170],"then":[103],"tested":[104],"with":[105,125,138,178],"different":[106],"regression":[107],"models,":[108,234],"most":[111],"suitable":[112],"model":[113,137,143,174],"for":[114,155,228,238],"OWT":[116],"determined":[118],"comparative":[122],"evaluation.":[123],"Compared":[124],"conventional":[126],"models":[127],"such":[128,241],"as":[129,242],"OCx":[131],"CI":[133],"hybrid":[134],"algorithms,":[135],"targeted":[139],"selection":[144],"significantly":[149],"improved":[150],"accuracy":[152],"applicability":[154],"Chla":[156,168],"various":[159],"OWTs.":[160],"By":[161],"applying":[162],"OWT-CCINET,":[163],"natural":[165],"log":[166],"(ln)-transformed":[167],"concentrations":[169],"estimated,":[171],"achieved":[175],"outstanding":[176],"results,":[177],"mean":[180,188],"absolute":[181],"error":[182,190],"(MAE)":[183],"0.410,":[185],"root":[187],"square":[189],"(RMSE)":[191],"0.549,":[193],"coefficient":[196],"determination":[198],"(R\u00b2)":[199],"0.899.":[201],"After":[202],"minimally":[203],"harmonizing":[204],"MODIS":[205],"MERIS":[207],"SeaWiFS-equivalent":[209],"bands,":[210],"OWT-CCINET":[211],"maintained":[212],"stable":[213],"cross-sensor":[214],"performance,":[215],"supporting":[216],"long-term,":[217],"multi-mission":[218],"applications.":[219],"This":[220],"provides":[222],"novel":[223],"methodologies":[224],"theoretical":[226],"support":[227],"development":[230],"cross-water":[232],"type":[233],"offering":[235],"significant":[236],"value":[237],"practical":[239],"applications":[240],"marine":[243],"environmental":[244],"monitoring.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}