{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415971046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","title":"Adaptive Fusion-Based Two-Flow Spectral\u2013Spatial Transformer Network for SAR-Based Optical Cloud Removal","display_name":"Adaptive Fusion-Based Two-Flow Spectral\u2013Spatial Transformer Network for SAR-Based Optical Cloud Removal","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415971046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325515","display_name":"Minghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-130X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), College of Artificial Intelligence, and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics (tjKLIR), Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-130X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS), College of Artificial Intelligence, and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics (tjKLIR), Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013885739","display_name":"Jing Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-9758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-9758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389658","display_name":"Bing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781212","display_name":"Jun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-8233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia","School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-8233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100325515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":4.1552,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94651012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"235","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.313400000333786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.313400000333786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.28679999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.1421000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6317999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-optics","display_name":"Adaptive optics","score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3230000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7936000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6317999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5673999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183365957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17140402","display_name":"Remote sensing application","level":3,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b931c874d2944faab5afc29f36c68419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b931c874d2944faab5afc29f36c68419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 19, Pp 235-248 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3629856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2913408749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023T160656","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5147285940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6156138116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201552","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6194918955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24JCQNJC01890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6663658177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201553","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"Aperture":[1],"Radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"is":[4,75,115,150],"capable":[5],"of":[6,17,43,203,212,219],"penetrating":[7],"cloud":[8,18,70,179,221],"cover,":[9],"providing":[10],"great":[11],"potential":[12],"to":[13,33,48,87,102,140,152,192],"handle":[14],"the":[15,41,82,97,104,144,155,159,194,200,213,217],"challenge":[16],"removal":[19,180,222],"when":[20],"combined":[21],"with":[22,134,163],"optical":[23,69,93,161,182],"remote":[24],"sensing":[25],"images.":[26],"However,":[27],"existing":[28],"state-of-the-art":[29,220],"techniques":[30],"are":[31],"addicted":[32],"input":[34],"channel":[35],"or":[36],"feature":[37,130,156,169],"concatenation":[38],"strategies,":[39],"ignoring":[40],"exploration":[42],"complementary":[44],"information":[45,107,149],"and":[46,95,190,197,226],"leading":[47],"unsatisfactory":[49],"performance.":[50],"In":[51,172],"this":[52],"study,":[53],"we":[54,125,174],"propose":[55],"a":[56,76,127,176],"simple":[57],"but":[58],"effective":[59],"Adaptive":[60],"enhanced":[61],"two-flow":[62],"Spectral\u2013Spatial":[63],"Transformer":[64],"Network":[65],"(AFSST)":[66],"for":[67,154,178],"SAR-based":[68],"removal.":[71],"The":[72,224],"proposed":[73,205,214],"network":[74],"two-branch":[77],"U-shape":[78],"architecture":[79],"that":[80,113],"leverages":[81],"spectral":[83,90],"transformer":[84,99],"block":[85],"(SpeTB)":[86],"extract":[88],"global":[89],"features":[91],"from":[92,108,158,188],"images":[94,162,183],"utilizes":[96],"spatial":[98,105],"blocks":[100],"(SpaTB)":[101],"excavate":[103],"attention":[106],"SAR":[109,114,129,145],"images,":[110],"respectively.":[111],"Considering":[112],"often":[116],"surrounded":[117],"by":[118],"noise,":[119],"yet":[120],"retains":[121],"clear":[122],"edge":[123,138,146],"information,":[124],"design":[126],"multi-scale":[128],"extraction":[131,170],"mechanism":[132],"(MSFEM)":[133],"an":[135],"adaptive":[136],"Sobel":[137],"operator":[139],"focus":[141],"on":[142],"capturing":[143],"feature.":[147],"This":[148],"utilized":[151],"compensate":[153],"mined":[157],"cloudy":[160],"learned":[164],"fusion":[165],"weights":[166],"at":[167,232],"different":[168],"levels.":[171],"addition,":[173],"build":[175],"dataset":[177,228],"in":[181,199],"using":[184],"SAR-assisted":[185],"data":[186,196],"collected":[187],"Gaofen-6":[189],"Gaofen-3,":[191],"increase":[193],"available":[195,231],"aid":[198],"comparative":[201],"diversity":[202],"newly":[204],"algorithms.":[206],"Extensive":[207],"experiments":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"high-quality":[210],"results":[211],"method,":[215],"exceeding":[216],"performance":[218],"approaches.":[223],"code":[225],"GF-CR":[227],"will":[229],"be":[230],"<uri":[233],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[234],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/MinghuaWang123/AFSST-CR</uri>.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-06T00:00:00"}
