{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415594215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","title":"Neural Network-Based Retrieval Optimization of GNSS-IR for Sea Level Monitoring Under Different Elevation Angles","display_name":"Neural Network-Based Retrieval Optimization of GNSS-IR for Sea Level Monitoring Under Different Elevation Angles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415594215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046538240","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3651-7354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3651-7354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003754834","display_name":"Zihui Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4808-9715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4808-9715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021587155","display_name":"Yuan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1799-6524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1799-6524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113405397","display_name":"Aodong Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6528-5678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aodong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6528-5678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038052016","display_name":"Xintai Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9231-6202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xintai Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany","Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9231-6202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003834756","display_name":"Ziyu Hua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ziwei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0910-7929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0910-7929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035533740","display_name":"Jens Wickert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-5276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","display_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8jg394","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Wickert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany","Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-5276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy, German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046538240"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.6915,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75360886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"28111","last_page":"28122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9204000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9204000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6251999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-level","display_name":"Sea level","score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation-angle","display_name":"Elevation angle","score":0.4171999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6251999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5626999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74501621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125465","display_name":"Sea level","level":2,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986230362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203218","display_name":"Elevation angle","level":3,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85910571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674049","display_name":"Significant wave height","level":3,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70620910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821563","display_name":"Wave height","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1284942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929501","display_name":"Water level","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5bbc263a426f43178ac4ac7e6da4228f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5bbc263a426f43178ac4ac7e6da4228f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 28111-28122 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gfzpublic.gfz.de:item_5037528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://gfzpublic.gfz.de/pubman/item/item_5037528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401313","display_name":"Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210152878","host_organization_name":"GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3625165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8180259012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52071199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,215],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"Interferometric":[5],"Reflectometry":[6],"(GNSS-IR)":[7],"technique":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"widely":[11],"employed":[12],"to":[13,74,195,238],"retrieve":[14],"sea":[15,50,226,232],"levels":[16],"by":[17,29,32,58,143],"utilizing":[18],"signal-to-noise":[19],"ratio":[20],"(SNR)":[21],"data,":[22],"yet":[23],"its":[24],"accuracy":[25],"is":[26,141],"often":[27],"hindered":[28],"limitations":[30,201],"imposed":[31],"satellite":[33],"elevation":[34,55,88,112,213],"angles.":[35,214],"In":[36],"this":[37,218],"study,":[38],"we":[39],"present":[40],"a":[41,60],"novel":[42],"methodology":[43],"that":[44],"specifically":[45],"addresses":[46],"the":[47,78,83,96,108,135,151,176,187,190,199,221],"optimization":[48,194],"of":[49,86,115,156,189,202,217],"level":[51,227],"retrieval":[52,79,208],"across":[53],"different":[54],"angle":[56,113],"ranges":[57,114,155],"incorporating":[59],"neural":[61,192],"network":[62],"model.":[63],"This":[64],"approach":[65],"uses":[66],"SNR":[67],"residual":[68],"sequences":[69],"as":[70],"key":[71],"feature":[72],"inputs":[73],"adjust":[75],"and":[76,98,128,146,169,182,229],"enhance":[77,207],"process,":[80],"thereby":[81],"mitigating":[82],"adverse":[84],"effects":[85],"varying":[87],"angles":[89],"on":[90],"measurement":[91],"accuracy.":[92],"Experimental":[93],"evaluations":[94],"at":[95,150,211],"SC02":[97,109],"PBAY":[99,152],"stations":[100],"demonstrate":[101],"significant":[102],"improvements":[103,178],"over":[104],"conventional":[105],"methods.":[106],"At":[107],"station,":[110,153],"with":[111],"<inline-formula":[116,122,129,157,163,170],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[117,123,130,158,164,171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[118,124,131,159,165,172],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5^{\\circ":[119,125,132,160,166,173],"}--10^{\\circ":[120],"}$</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[121,127,134,162,168,175],"}--15^{\\circ":[126],"}--20^{\\circ":[133,161],"root":[136],"mean":[137],"square":[138],"error":[139],"(RMSE)":[140],"reduced":[142],"3.51%,":[144],"18.62%,":[145],"32.03%,":[147],"respectively,":[148],"while":[149],"using":[154],"}--25^{\\circ":[167],"}--30^{\\circ":[174],"RMSE":[177],"are":[179],"9.23%,":[180],"16.13%,":[181],"21.11%.":[183],"These":[184],"results":[185],"highlight":[186],"potential":[188],"proposed":[191],"network-based":[193],"not":[196],"only":[197],"overcome":[198],"intrinsic":[200],"GNSS-IR":[203],"but":[204],"also":[205],"significantly":[206],"performance,":[209],"particularly":[210],"higher":[212],"findings":[216],"study":[219],"pave":[220],"way":[222],"for":[223],"more":[224,239],"accurate":[225],"monitoring":[228],"improved":[230],"nearshore":[231],"surface":[233],"wave":[234],"height":[235],"retrieval,":[236],"contributing":[237],"robust":[240],"coastal":[241],"environmental":[242],"assessments.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}