{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414798859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","title":"Detection of Small Targets in Sea Clutter Based on Transformer Recurrence Plots CNN in the Case of Imbalanced Samples","display_name":"Detection of Small Targets in Sea Clutter Based on Transformer Recurrence Plots CNN in the Case of Imbalanced Samples","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414798859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090068557","display_name":"Yanling Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2993-9372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanling Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2993-9372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035921680","display_name":"Yan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9882-351X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaibao Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049093143","display_name":"Leiyao Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-0062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leiyao Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022168023","display_name":"Jianguo Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-3355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-3355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32885991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"26133","last_page":"26151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9293000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9293000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9099000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7560999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.7293999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.6676999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.6265000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"Statistical power","score":0.447299987077713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7560999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7348999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.7293999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.6676999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.644599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.6265000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18653775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333358","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128963836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6322815","display_name":"K-distribution","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99bfd36e88704e5589b7a1f0fe5efb01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/99bfd36e88704e5589b7a1f0fe5efb01","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 26133-26151 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3617938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5749259899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6442285724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6702109082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"small":[1],"targets":[2],"in":[3,212],"sea":[4,19,71,79],"clutter":[5,80],"is":[6,120],"challenging":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,22,41,66,101,108,135,186],"scarce":[10],"weak":[11],"target":[12,57,61,84,162,167],"echoes":[13],"being":[14],"overwhelmed":[15],"by":[16,122,148,169],"abundance":[17],"strong":[18],"clutter,":[20],"leading":[21],"imbalanced":[23],"classification.":[24],"To":[25],"address":[26],"this,":[27],"we":[28,155],"propose":[29],"a":[30,37,64,67,93,227],"Transformer-based":[31],"data":[32,49],"augmentation":[33],"algorithm":[34],"that":[35,204],"employs":[36],"bidirectional":[38],"prediction":[39],"mechanism":[40],"establish":[42],"temporal":[43,177],"relationships":[44],"between":[45,159],"samples.":[46],"The":[47],"augmented":[48,83,161],"closely":[50],"aligns":[51],"with":[52,70,226],"the":[53,60,114,116,123,127,133,137,143,152,157,160,165,188,191,233],"actual":[54],"distribution":[55,171,174],"of":[56,77,113,118,190,214,231,241],"samples,":[58],"enhancing":[59],"dataset":[62],"from":[63],"1:10":[65],"3:10":[68],"ratio":[69],"clutter.":[72],"Subsequently,":[73],"Recurrence":[74],"Plots":[75],"(RPs)":[76],"both":[78],"samples":[81,85,163,168],"and":[82,88,164,176,219],"are":[86,90,184],"obtained,":[87],"then":[89],"input":[91],"into":[92],"Convolutional":[94],"Neural":[95],"Network":[96],"(CNN)":[97],"for":[98,104],"detecting,":[99],"referred":[100],"as":[102,126],"Trm-RPs-CNN":[103,134,207,235],"short.":[105],"In":[106,151,223],"order":[107],"control":[109],"false":[110,145,220,228],"alarm":[111,146,221,229],"rate":[112],"Trm-RPs-CNN,":[115],"output":[117],"CNN":[119],"replaced":[121],"Softmax":[124],"probabilities":[125,140],"detection":[128,139,239,245],"statistic.":[129],"This":[130],"adjustment":[131],"allows":[132],"maintain":[136],"high":[138],"whereas":[141],"achieve":[142],"low":[144],"rates":[147],"fine-adjusting":[149],"thresholds.":[150],"experiments,":[153],"firstly,":[154],"assess":[156],"similarity":[158],"real":[166],"amplitude":[170],"properties,":[172,175],"probability":[173,230,240],"correlation":[178],"metrics.":[179],"Secondly,":[180],"seven":[181],"performance":[182],"indicators":[183],"utilized":[185],"evaluate":[187],"effectiveness":[189],"Trm-RPs-CNN.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"experiments":[194],"conducted":[195],"on":[196],"ten":[197],"publicly":[198],"available":[199],"IPIX":[200],"radar":[201],"datasets":[202],"demonstrate":[203],"our":[205],"proposed":[206,234],"significantly":[208],"outperforms":[209],"traditional":[210],"approaches":[211],"terms":[213],"sample":[215],"balance,":[216],"classification":[217],"performance,":[218],"control.":[222],"HH":[224],"polarization,":[225],"0.001,":[232],"achieves":[236],"an":[237],"average":[238],"0.866,":[242],"demonstrating":[243],"excellent":[244],"performance.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
