{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414348659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","title":"LSODNet: A Lightweight and Efficient Detector for Small Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"LSODNet: A Lightweight and Efficient Detector for Small Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414348659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-0929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-0929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052167334","display_name":"Wei Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-9668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021069959","display_name":"Mingdong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-2955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186272606","display_name":"Guangdong University of Foreign Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhc9y79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186272606"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingdong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-2955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186272606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-1363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-1363","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013673045","display_name":"Kuanching Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149102","display_name":"Sanya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa2qd52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuanching Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanya Research Institute, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149102"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082471864","display_name":"Al\u2010Sakib Khan Pathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63169043","display_name":"United International University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tqv1p28","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Al-Sakib Khan Pathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.5921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91077221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"24816","last_page":"24828"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9160000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7053999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5742999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing-application","display_name":"Remote sensing application","score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.3734999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8162999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7053999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5742999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4921000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.48579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183365957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17140402","display_name":"Remote sensing application","level":3,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a59df7e271a4d53aeff40ae044eb328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a59df7e271a4d53aeff40ae044eb328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 24816-24828 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3612261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1279771480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472167","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4666334156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ90176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5023413080","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ50399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W3013211776","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3108948422","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3157386596","https://openalex.org/W3176187859","https://openalex.org/W3177349073","https://openalex.org/W3200733355","https://openalex.org/W3209002923","https://openalex.org/W3212386989","https://openalex.org/W4210422257","https://openalex.org/W4226334005","https://openalex.org/W4283030623","https://openalex.org/W4285136243","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312795296","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4323022345","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385731818","https://openalex.org/W4386047745","https://openalex.org/W4386243226","https://openalex.org/W4387803423","https://openalex.org/W4389352554","https://openalex.org/W4390873076","https://openalex.org/W4390873988","https://openalex.org/W4390874070","https://openalex.org/W4390874500","https://openalex.org/W4391559729","https://openalex.org/W4396566910","https://openalex.org/W4400020187","https://openalex.org/W4400859202","https://openalex.org/W4402260136","https://openalex.org/W4402661172","https://openalex.org/W4402667905","https://openalex.org/W4402703046","https://openalex.org/W4402716047","https://openalex.org/W4402775306"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object":[0],"detection":[1,35,71,77],"in":[2,8,78],"remote":[3,59,79],"sensing":[4,60,80],"images":[5],"is":[6],"critical":[7],"various":[9],"military":[10],"and":[11,26,40,105,113,162,173,184,195,203],"industrial":[12],"applications.":[13,81],"Accurately":[14],"identifying":[15],"small":[16,138],"objects":[17,139],"remains":[18],"challenging":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,157,165,169],"low":[22],"contrast,":[23],"noise":[24],"interference,":[25],"complex":[27,38],"backgrounds.":[28],"Advanced":[29],"deep":[30],"learning":[31],"techniques":[32],"have":[33],"improved":[34],"accuracy":[36,194],"through":[37,128],"architectures":[39],"feature":[41,91,100,114],"extraction":[42],"mechanisms.":[43],"However,":[44],"most":[45],"existing":[46,217],"methods":[47],"rely":[48],"on":[49,179],"computationally":[50],"expensive":[51],"networks,":[52],"which":[53],"limits":[54],"their":[55],"effectiveness":[56],"across":[57],"diverse":[58],"scenarios.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"these":[64],"issues,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"a":[68,89,109,117,144,150],"lightweight":[69,90],"small-object":[70,76],"network":[72],"(LSODNet)":[73],"for":[74,137],"efficient":[75],"LSODNet":[82,189],"integrates":[83],"three":[84],"novel":[85],"plug-and-play":[86],"modules:":[87],"first,":[88],"convolution":[92],"module":[93],"reduces":[94],"the":[95,124,180,212],"computation":[96],"cost":[97,214],"by":[98],"splitting":[99],"channels":[101],"between":[102,111],"depthwise":[103],"convolutions":[104],"deformable":[106],"convolutions,":[107,131],"striking":[108],"balance":[110],"efficiency":[112],"richness.":[115],"Second,":[116],"receptive":[118,126],"field":[119,127],"expansion":[120],"block":[121,148],"cost-effectively":[122],"enlarges":[123],"network’s":[125],"multibranch":[129],"dilated":[130],"capturing":[132],"crucial":[133],"multiscale":[134,171],"contextual":[135],"information":[136,161],"without":[140],"significant":[141],"overhead.":[142],"Third,":[143],"hierarchical":[145],"fusion":[146],"attention":[147,152,156,164],"employs":[149],"two-stage":[151],"mechanism,":[153],"combining":[154],"spatial":[155],"emphasize":[158],"local":[159],"object":[160],"proxy":[163],"encode":[166],"global":[167],"context":[168],"fuse":[170],"features":[172],"suppress":[174],"background":[175],"clutter.":[176],"Experimental":[177],"results":[178],"NWPU":[181],"VHR-10,":[182],"SSDD,":[183],"LEVIR-Ship":[185],"datasets":[186],"show":[187],"that":[188],"achieves":[190],"competitive":[191],"or":[192],"superior":[193],"inference":[196],"speed":[197],"with":[198,216],"only":[199],"2.2":[200],"M":[201],"parameters":[202],"6.1":[204],"G":[205],"floating":[206],"point":[207],"operation,":[208],"while":[209],"significantly":[210],"reducing":[211],"computational":[213],"compared":[215],"methods.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}