{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414271326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","title":"FADet: A Frequency-Aware Detection Framework for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"FADet: A Frequency-Aware Detection Framework for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414271326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057421680","display_name":"Dan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-6006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041162076","display_name":"Jian Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8162-889X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Control Engineering and Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Control Engineering and Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ke Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2873-7795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2873-7795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102969781","display_name":"Zhi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2045-4822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2045-4822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065232328","display_name":"Wen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-6927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401389","display_name":"Di Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8027-4287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8027-4287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":13.7296,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98327097,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"24963","last_page":"24975"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6672999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4603999853134155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8044999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6948999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6672999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780423554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766198","display_name":"Haar wavelet","level":5,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:55aafbe785aa4321bb476285ef250727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/55aafbe785aa4321bb476285ef250727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 24963-24975 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3611492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3446613798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62192730","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4041341759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62192734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4492602436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G534799424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302375","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7447316987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX23084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2101946599","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3088317060","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3124866053","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W4226043641","https://openalex.org/W4226284371","https://openalex.org/W4304084055","https://openalex.org/W4313065862","https://openalex.org/W4313506322","https://openalex.org/W4313855945","https://openalex.org/W4313855947","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4362500629","https://openalex.org/W4386066070","https://openalex.org/W4386066146","https://openalex.org/W4386071531","https://openalex.org/W4387803423","https://openalex.org/W4390874458","https://openalex.org/W4391376377","https://openalex.org/W4393148032","https://openalex.org/W4394698960","https://openalex.org/W4395069610","https://openalex.org/W4401943252","https://openalex.org/W4402727805","https://openalex.org/W4402733568","https://openalex.org/W4403510309","https://openalex.org/W4403918770","https://openalex.org/W4404035874","https://openalex.org/W4404177154","https://openalex.org/W4404809386","https://openalex.org/W4404914916","https://openalex.org/W4405440305","https://openalex.org/W4405717975","https://openalex.org/W4406857946","https://openalex.org/W4406858089","https://openalex.org/W4409367436"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"small":[1,90,149,209],"target":[2,22,210],"detection":[3,70,153],"(IRSTD)":[4],"remains":[5],"a":[6,78,95,158],"critical":[7],"yet":[8],"highly":[9],"challenging":[10],"task":[11],"in":[12,58,151,207],"the":[13,20,25,67,85,101,122,135,146,152],"field":[14],"of":[15,27,69,89,148],"object":[16],"detection.":[17,211],"Due":[18],"to":[19,40,49,53,83,105,125],"tiny":[21],"size":[23],"and":[24,62,112,168,181,193],"absence":[26],"rich":[28],"texture":[29],"information,":[30],"general-purpose":[31],"detectors":[32],"often":[33],"suffer":[34],"substantial":[35],"performance":[36,44],"degradation":[37,45],"when":[38],"applied":[39],"this":[41],"task.":[42],"This":[43,131],"is":[46,118],"mainly":[47],"due":[48],"their":[50],"limited":[51],"ability":[52],"extract":[54],"discriminative":[55],"features,":[56],"resulting":[57],"frequent":[59],"missed":[60],"detections":[61],"false":[63],"alarms":[64],"that":[65,99,163,197],"compromise":[66],"reliability":[68],"systems.":[71],"To":[72],"address":[73],"these":[74],"challenges,":[75],"we":[76,93,156],"proposeFADet,":[77],"novelFrequency-AwareDetection":[79],"framework":[80],"specifically":[81],"designed":[82],"capture":[84],"unique":[86],"representational":[87],"characteristics":[88],"targets.":[91],"Specifically,":[92],"introduce":[94],"Frequency-Guided":[96],"Visual":[97],"Encoder":[98],"leverages":[100],"Haar":[102],"Wavelet":[103],"Transform":[104],"explicitly":[106],"decompose":[107],"spatial":[108],"features":[109],"into":[110],"high-":[111],"low-frequency":[113],"components.":[114],"An":[115],"attention":[116],"mask":[117],"then":[119],"derived":[120],"from":[121],"high-frequency":[123],"components":[124],"selectively":[126],"preserve":[127],"informative":[128],"fine-grained":[129],"details.":[130],"process":[132],"effectively":[133],"alleviates":[134],"over-smoothing":[136],"effect":[137],"typically":[138],"induced":[139],"by":[140],"convolutional":[141],"operations,":[142],"thereby":[143,175],"significantly":[144],"enhancing":[145],"saliency":[147],"targets":[150],"framework.":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"propose":[157],"Multi-scale":[159],"Feature":[160],"Gather-Distribute":[161],"module":[162],"aggregates":[164],"multi-scale":[165],"semantic":[166],"cues":[167],"redistributes":[169],"them":[170],"across":[171],"different":[172],"feature":[173,179],"hierarchies,":[174],"enabling":[176],"more":[177],"effective":[178],"interaction":[180],"fusion.":[182],"Extensive":[183],"experiments":[184],"on":[185],"three":[186],"public":[187],"benchmark":[188],"datasets":[189],"(e.g.,":[190],"NUAA-SIRST,":[191],"NUDT-SIRST,":[192],"IRSTD-1":[194],"K)":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"FADet":[198],"achieves":[199],"superior":[200],"performance,":[201],"setting":[202],"new":[203],"state-of-the-art":[204],"(SOTA)":[205],"results":[206],"infrared":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
