{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414079859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","title":"Low-Level Matters: An Efficient Hybrid Architecture for Robust Multiframe Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"Low-Level Matters: An Efficient Hybrid Architecture for Robust Multiframe Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414079859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629412","display_name":"Zhihua Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3094-6588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihua Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3094-6588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102862056","display_name":"Siyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9465-6647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9465-6647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091877686","display_name":"T Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5644-2633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongsu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Han Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2794-2520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2794-2520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626931","display_name":"Zhixiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-5065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030298818","display_name":"Rui Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010807432","display_name":"Xuyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-8928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaohu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-1451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-1451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780525","display_name":"Xia Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3316-7646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3316-7646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":13.4502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9828734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"23757","last_page":"23766"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11637","display_name":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","score":0.9539999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.326200008392334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8105000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6359000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780624872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852453","display_name":"Motion detection","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:53a1c6c6355c4b1fa9adf789e61c2f4f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/53a1c6c6355c4b1fa9adf789e61c2f4f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 23757-23766 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3607473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-frame":[0],"infrared":[1,76],"small":[2,77],"target":[3],"detection":[4],"(IRSTD)":[5],"plays":[6],"a":[7,36,85,105,164],"crucial":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,47,63],"low-altitude":[11],"and":[12,20,154,184,188],"maritime":[13],"surveillance.":[14],"The":[15],"hybrid":[16,40,48,141],"architecture":[17,41,142],"combining":[18],"CNNs":[19],"Transformers":[21,65],"shows":[22],"great":[23],"promise":[24],"for":[25,50,68,109,143],"enhancing":[26],"multi-frame":[27,51,110,144],"IRSTD":[28],"performance.":[29],"In":[30],"the":[31,58,70,96,116,122,129,133,139],"paper,":[32],"we":[33,83,103,127],"propose":[34],"LVNet,":[35],"simple":[37],"yet":[38],"powerful":[39],"that":[42,57,89],"emphasizes":[43],"low-level":[44],"feature":[45],"learning":[46],"frameworks":[49],"IRSTD.":[52,145],"Our":[53,186],"key":[54],"insight":[55],"is":[56],"standard":[59],"linear":[60],"patch":[61],"embeddings":[62],"Vision":[64],"are":[66,128,191],"insufficient":[67],"capturing":[69,115],"scale-sensitive":[71],"local":[72,92,97],"features":[73,93],"critical":[74],"to":[75,131],"targets.":[78,120],"To":[79,121],"overcome":[80],"this":[81],"limitation,":[82],"design":[84],"multi-scale":[86],"CNN":[87],"frontend":[88],"explicitly":[90],"models":[91,190],"by":[94],"leveraging":[95],"spatial":[98],"bias":[99],"of":[100,119,124,135,166],"convolution.":[101],"Additionally,":[102],"introduce":[104,132],"U-shaped":[106],"video":[107],"Transformer":[108],"spatiotemporal":[111],"context":[112],"modeling,":[113],"effectively":[114],"motion":[117],"characteristics":[118],"best":[123],"our":[125],"knowledge,":[126],"first":[130],"concept":[134],"\u201clow-level":[136],"matters\u201d":[137],"within":[138],"CNN-Transformer":[140],"Despite":[146],"its":[147,181],"simplicity,":[148],"with":[149,176],"only":[150],"1.77":[151],"M":[152],"parameters":[153],"17.88":[155],"G":[156],"FLOPs,":[157],"LVNet":[158,175],"achieves":[159],"state-of-the-art":[160],"(SOTA)":[161],"performance":[162,183],"at":[163,193],"speed":[165],"208":[167],"FPS.":[168],"Experiments":[169],"on":[170],"multiple":[171],"public":[172],"datasets,":[173],"comparing":[174],"18":[177],"SOTA":[178],"methods,":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"superior":[182],"efficiency.":[185],"code":[187],"pre-trained":[189],"accessible":[192],"<uri":[194],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[195],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/ZhihuaShen/LVNet</uri>.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
