{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413926158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of GNSS-Derived Water Vapor Variations and Moisture Convergence Mechanism During Extreme Rainfall Events: A Hong Kong Case Study","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of GNSS-Derived Water Vapor Variations and Moisture Convergence Mechanism During Extreme Rainfall Events: A Hong Kong Case Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413926158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023168022","display_name":"Hui Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2545-9451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101519083","display_name":"Wenjie Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-1980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8115-1980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-9451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-9451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100716457","display_name":"Yuan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3951-4832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3951-4832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000194974","display_name":"Jian Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3169-1847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3169-1847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380234","display_name":"Hua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1448-2824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358542","display_name":"Pan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-6561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015007971","display_name":"Yibin Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibin Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7723-4601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.4857,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88846943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"23061","last_page":"23071"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7669440507888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6535487174987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture","display_name":"Moisture","score":0.6421896815299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6231114864349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"Water vapor","score":0.5450097322463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4955488443374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.47736668586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4119926691055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.39383503794670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34561240673065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28535953164100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2107977271080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17358922958374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12951543927192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11481800675392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07197317481040955}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7669440507888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6535487174987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.6421896815299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6231114864349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.5450097322463989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4955488443374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.47736668586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4119926691055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.39383503794670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34561240673065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28535953164100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2107977271080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17358922958374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12951543927192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11481800675392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07197317481040955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f00e45a6216e4858b3c686acc856f990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f00e45a6216e4858b3c686acc856f990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 23061-23071 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3605166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5405191240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42230104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1912875834","https://openalex.org/W1963904967","https://openalex.org/W1975989127","https://openalex.org/W1976282490","https://openalex.org/W1978815659","https://openalex.org/W1986984027","https://openalex.org/W1994011846","https://openalex.org/W2001865341","https://openalex.org/W2044637731","https://openalex.org/W2051630260","https://openalex.org/W2055892739","https://openalex.org/W2068342176","https://openalex.org/W2068353266","https://openalex.org/W2073986617","https://openalex.org/W2086172660","https://openalex.org/W2103477551","https://openalex.org/W2107442290","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2115359869","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2149112844","https://openalex.org/W2155337559","https://openalex.org/W2174616381","https://openalex.org/W2174870528","https://openalex.org/W2318480145","https://openalex.org/W2321985919","https://openalex.org/W2364631758","https://openalex.org/W2520310580","https://openalex.org/W2562918333","https://openalex.org/W2781901994","https://openalex.org/W2941056923","https://openalex.org/W2997427462","https://openalex.org/W3037273988","https://openalex.org/W3044611002","https://openalex.org/W3123120669","https://openalex.org/W3137521638","https://openalex.org/W4210734204","https://openalex.org/W4229050072","https://openalex.org/W4294000943","https://openalex.org/W4323543474","https://openalex.org/W4377164329","https://openalex.org/W4392011085","https://openalex.org/W4392384461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W4384916587","https://openalex.org/W2163330330","https://openalex.org/W1982137911","https://openalex.org/W2753457386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extreme":[0],"rainfall":[1,24,206,219,226,236],"events":[2],"pose":[3],"escalating":[4],"threats":[5],"to":[6,49,82,88,95,132],"urban":[7],"infrastructure,":[8],"agricultural":[9],"productivity,":[10],"and":[11,22,26,63,86,128,169,181,195,216,239],"public":[12],"safety.":[13],"Water":[14],"vapor":[15,37,72,101,176,194],"is":[16],"essential":[17],"for":[18,147,224],"both":[19],"precipitation":[20],"formation":[21],"heavy":[23],"monitoring":[25,204],"forecasting.":[27],"This":[28,124],"study":[29,198,231],"comprehensively":[30],"analyzes":[31],"the":[32,77,92,96,133,140,151,189,217],"spatiotemporal":[33,190],"characteristics":[34],"of":[35,112,154],"water":[36,71,100,175,193],"variation":[38],"throughout":[39],"an":[40],"extreme":[41,159,205,235],"rainstorm":[42],"in":[43,121],"Hong":[44],"Kong":[45],"from":[46,166],"October":[47],"7":[48],"9,":[50],"2021,":[51],"utilizing":[52],"Global":[53],"Navigation":[54],"Satellite":[55],"System":[56],"(GNSS)":[57],"tomography,":[58],"radiosonde":[59],"observations,":[60],"rain":[61],"gauges":[62],"ERA5":[64],"reanalysis":[65],"data.":[66],"Results":[67],"show":[68],"that":[69,120,138,163],"precipitable":[70],"(PWV)":[73],"increases":[74],"steadily":[75],"before":[76],"storm,":[78,141],"briefly":[79],"declines":[80],"due":[81],"cloud":[83],"droplet":[84],"condensation,":[85],"returns":[87],"average":[89],"levels":[90],"after":[91],"rainfall.":[93],"Prior":[94],"rainfall,":[97,196],"significant":[98],"vertical":[99],"disturbances":[102],"are":[103],"observed,":[104],"with":[105],"a":[106,200],"root":[107],"mean":[108],"square":[109],"deviation":[110],"(RMSD)":[111],"13.53":[113],"mm/km,":[114],"about":[115],"three":[116],"times":[117],"higher":[118],"than":[119],"stable":[122],"conditions.":[123],"marks":[125],"atmospheric":[126],"instability":[127],"strong":[129],"convection":[130],"contributing":[131],"storm.":[134],"Key":[135],"findings":[136],"reveal":[137],"during":[139],"PWV":[142,156,185,214],"fluctuates":[143],"around":[144],"70":[145],"mm":[146],"2.5":[148],"days,":[149],"reaching":[150],"96.77th":[152],"percentile":[153],"2021":[155],"records\u2014a":[157],"statistically":[158],"anomaly.":[160],"Analysis":[161],"indicates":[162],"synergistic":[164],"forcing":[165],"typhoon":[167],"systems":[168],"midlatitude":[170],"weather":[171],"patterns":[172],"drove":[173],"sustained":[174],"convergence,":[177],"enhancing":[178],"moisture":[179],"transport":[180],"accumulation":[182],"at":[183],"high":[184,213],"levels.":[186],"By":[187],"delineating":[188],"interplay":[191],"between":[192,211],"this":[197,230],"offers":[199],"new":[201],"perspective":[202],"on":[203],"precursor.":[207],"The":[208],"identified":[209],"links":[210],"persistently":[212],"anomalies":[215],"dynamic":[218],"system":[220],"evolutions":[221],"offer":[222],"insights":[223],"refining":[225],"prediction":[227],"models.":[228],"Thus,":[229],"hopefully":[232],"helps":[233],"improve":[234],"early":[237],"warning":[238],"mitigate":[240],"associated":[241],"hydrological":[242],"risks.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
