{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413754835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","title":"Deep Learning for Eddy Detection in the Arctic Marginal Ice Zone by Spaceborne SAR","display_name":"Deep Learning for Eddy Detection in the Arctic Marginal Ice Zone by Spaceborne SAR","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413754835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095376385","display_name":"Nannan Zi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nannan Zi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7214-6658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiao-Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2950-5964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2950-5964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101086691","display_name":"Haotian Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotian Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008208751","display_name":"Kun Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-7344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13836713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"22951","last_page":"22964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6998661160469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.6733109951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6119045615196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5903332233428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.5221878886222839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.49130502343177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-concentration","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","score":0.46583428978919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3974018394947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryosphere","display_name":"Cryosphere","score":0.331417441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-thickness","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","score":0.3272867202758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.20310845971107483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6998661160469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.6733109951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6119045615196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5903332233428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.5221878886222839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.49130502343177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194520297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440064","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","level":5,"score":0.46583428978919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3974018394947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197435368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493109","display_name":"Cryosphere","level":3,"score":0.331417441368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149767477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","level":4,"score":0.3272867202758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.20310845971107483}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8d388af30e7461b97f75584e80395a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8d388af30e7461b97f75584e80395a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 22951-22964 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3603543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1836420797","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42025605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787223765","https://openalex.org/W2013000142","https://openalex.org/W2017647804","https://openalex.org/W2022300053","https://openalex.org/W2026195512","https://openalex.org/W2027139013","https://openalex.org/W2027656007","https://openalex.org/W2038959440","https://openalex.org/W2071895046","https://openalex.org/W2086613190","https://openalex.org/W2110136835","https://openalex.org/W2560468004","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2766979744","https://openalex.org/W2794004337","https://openalex.org/W2916534787","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2971142229","https://openalex.org/W3026795719","https://openalex.org/W3045982802","https://openalex.org/W3048893353","https://openalex.org/W3085800225","https://openalex.org/W3096600794","https://openalex.org/W3130928344","https://openalex.org/W3132139983","https://openalex.org/W3172901241","https://openalex.org/W4200335246","https://openalex.org/W4224213787","https://openalex.org/W4283012163","https://openalex.org/W4283263010","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4307411363","https://openalex.org/W4309473732","https://openalex.org/W4311505942","https://openalex.org/W4316041497","https://openalex.org/W4366368393","https://openalex.org/W4366828348","https://openalex.org/W4385720523","https://openalex.org/W4385748503","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4394741712","https://openalex.org/W4396881375","https://openalex.org/W4401899582","https://openalex.org/W4403770406","https://openalex.org/W4406189414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4234822209","https://openalex.org/W2898036457","https://openalex.org/W1965960228","https://openalex.org/W2100567581","https://openalex.org/W821375687","https://openalex.org/W2118389506","https://openalex.org/W2127878621","https://openalex.org/W2150420864","https://openalex.org/W2173492565","https://openalex.org/W752721605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eddies":[0],"are":[1],"ubiquitous":[2],"in":[3,72,99,173,231,240,284],"the":[4,16,32,127,137,151,156,186,221,225,244,257,285],"Arctic":[5],"Ocean,":[6],"as":[7,39],"observed":[8],"by":[9,61,213],"spaceborne":[10],"synthetic":[11],"aperture":[12],"radar":[13],"(SAR)":[14],"over":[15,256],"open":[17,175,286],"seas":[18,287],"and":[19,85,95,146,149,158,177,196,228,260,263,272,277,288],"marginal":[20],"ice":[21,36,40,84,108,130,153,187,207,239],"zones":[22],"(MIZs).":[23],"In":[24],"MIZs,":[25],"SAR":[26,106,241],"captures":[27],"eddies":[28,60,71,172],"mainly":[29],"owing":[30],"to":[31,57,93,162,169,233,251],"accumulation":[33],"of":[34,82,194,200,204,224,237,275],"drifting":[35],"floes,":[37],"known":[38],"eddies.":[41],"We":[42],"recently":[43],"proposed":[44],"a":[45,103,164,191,197,266,270,273],"deep":[46],"learning":[47],"network":[48],"named":[49,141],"EOLO":[50,157],"(Eddy":[51],"detection":[52,98,132,209],"based":[53,135],"on":[54,69,116,136,183],"You-Only-Look-Once":[55],"algorithm)":[56],"detect":[58],"ocean":[59],"SAR,":[62],"which":[63],"presents":[64],"high":[65,267],"precision":[66,192],"(about":[67],"95%)":[68],"open-water":[70],"generalized":[73],"experiments;":[74],"however,":[75],"it":[76],"will":[77],"over-extract":[78],"complex":[79],"background":[80,119,235],"information":[81],"sea":[83,124,152,238],"generate":[86,163],"false":[87],"detections.":[88],"Therefore,":[89],"we":[90],"move":[91],"further":[92,211],"multi-class":[94],"multi-scale":[96],"eddy":[97,109,131,166,188,208,246],"this":[100],"study.":[101],"First,":[102],"Sentinel-1":[104],"(S1)":[105],"data-based":[107],"dataset":[110],"was":[111,133,181,210,249],"established,":[112],"placing":[113],"particular":[114],"emphasis":[115],"incorporating":[117,144],"diverse":[118],"(non-eddy)":[120],"samples,":[121],"especially":[122],"for":[123,129,206],"ice;":[125],"subsequently,":[126],"algorithm":[128],"trained":[134],"novel":[138],"YOLOv8":[139,232],"network,":[140],"EOLO-ice.":[142],"Finally,":[143,243],"full":[145],"slicing-aided":[147],"inferences":[148],"combining":[150],"extent":[154],"data,":[155],"EOLO-ice":[159,184,205],"were":[160],"integrated":[161,245],"comprehensive":[165],"inference":[167,247],"framework":[168,248],"identify":[170],"multiple-scale":[171],"both":[174],"oceans":[176],"MIZs.":[178,289],"Extensive":[179],"testing":[180],"performed":[182],"using":[185],"dataset,":[189],"with":[190,269],"(P)":[193],"92.37%":[195],"recall":[198],"(R)":[199],"90.23%.":[201],"The":[202],"effectiveness":[203],"illustrated":[212],"visualizing":[214],"feature":[215],"maps":[216],"at":[217],"critical":[218],"stages,":[219],"highlighting":[220],"crucial":[222],"role":[223],"C2F":[226],"module":[227],"decoupled":[229],"head":[230],"suppress":[234],"features":[236],"imagery.":[242],"applied":[250],"912":[252],"S1":[253],"scenes":[254],"acquired":[255],"Greenland":[258],"Sea":[259],"Fram":[261],"Strait,":[262],"then":[264],"achieved":[265],"performance,":[268],"P":[271],"R":[274],"94.39%":[276],"89.46%,":[278],"respectively,":[279],"suggesting":[280],"its":[281],"good":[282],"applicability":[283]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}