{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413277860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","title":"Multisource SAR-Based Rural Flood and Partially Submerged Vegetation Mapping Using Fuzzy Logic and Machine Learning","display_name":"Multisource SAR-Based Rural Flood and Partially Submerged Vegetation Mapping Using Fuzzy Logic and Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413277860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103150258","display_name":"Zixi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-8967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zixi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089601683","display_name":"Rui Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-496X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016185099","display_name":"Zilong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6549-3414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zilong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068525466","display_name":"Fuqiang Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-7019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuqiang Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103150258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.2139,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88227908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"21465","last_page":"21475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.9107999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.907800018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6637600660324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.647658109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5794333815574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth","display_name":"Flood myth","score":0.5324757099151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5155222415924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4906281530857086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47445353865623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4218953251838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32455897331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19097790122032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11500287055969238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6637600660324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.647658109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5794333815574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.5324757099151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5155222415924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4906281530857086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47445353865623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4218953251838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32455897331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19097790122032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11500287055969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46b0681d21d54bc8976aef94da73e44b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46b0681d21d54bc8976aef94da73e44b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 21465-21475 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3599905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606999916","https://openalex.org/W1982188349","https://openalex.org/W1984670836","https://openalex.org/W1993259089","https://openalex.org/W1993345130","https://openalex.org/W2010610937","https://openalex.org/W2023986186","https://openalex.org/W2030943928","https://openalex.org/W2035734375","https://openalex.org/W2088794999","https://openalex.org/W2094202273","https://openalex.org/W2094887943","https://openalex.org/W2106052468","https://openalex.org/W2133807139","https://openalex.org/W2168746820","https://openalex.org/W2173056351","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2344360129","https://openalex.org/W2531340046","https://openalex.org/W2751895300","https://openalex.org/W2810761072","https://openalex.org/W2886312349","https://openalex.org/W2895303784","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2925964473","https://openalex.org/W2941704308","https://openalex.org/W2989014883","https://openalex.org/W2989194957","https://openalex.org/W2995256253","https://openalex.org/W3014372673","https://openalex.org/W3049588019","https://openalex.org/W3128829940","https://openalex.org/W3198066336","https://openalex.org/W3199704630","https://openalex.org/W4205154488","https://openalex.org/W4229074172","https://openalex.org/W4280556628","https://openalex.org/W4281619551","https://openalex.org/W4281688654","https://openalex.org/W4283658303","https://openalex.org/W4291652926","https://openalex.org/W4292977286","https://openalex.org/W4294723468","https://openalex.org/W4297231277","https://openalex.org/W4319918974","https://openalex.org/W4327716813","https://openalex.org/W4398132523","https://openalex.org/W4402861781","https://openalex.org/W4405303942","https://openalex.org/W4406313924","https://openalex.org/W4408675580","https://openalex.org/W4408733554","https://openalex.org/W4409517354","https://openalex.org/W4410199024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394377911","https://openalex.org/W63519562","https://openalex.org/W3020755331","https://openalex.org/W2593813247","https://openalex.org/W4386724243","https://openalex.org/W4388268408","https://openalex.org/W4387816319","https://openalex.org/W2016618709","https://openalex.org/W4380088563","https://openalex.org/W2336831281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flood":[0],"mapping":[1,175,179],"is":[2],"critical":[3],"for":[4,36,101,171],"disaster":[5],"response,":[6],"yet":[7],"hindered":[8],"by":[9],"cloud":[10],"obstruction,":[11],"vegetation":[12,42,85],"interference,":[13],"and":[14,33,39,58,82,116,126,163,176],"limitations":[15],"of":[16,141],"single-source":[17],"SAR":[18,52],"data.":[19],"To":[20],"address":[21],"these":[22],"challenges,":[23],"this":[24],"study":[25,45],"proposes":[26],"an":[27,112],"innovative":[28],"framework":[29],"integrating":[30],"fuzzy":[31],"logic":[32],"machine":[34,98],"learning":[35,99],"rural":[37,181],"flood":[38,173],"partially":[40,83],"submerged":[41,84],"mapping.":[43],"This":[44,152],"fuses":[46],"multi-source":[47],"data,":[48],"including":[49,71],"pre-/post-flood":[50],"dual-polarization":[51,157],"(VV/VH),":[53],"optical-derived":[54],"land":[55,160],"cover":[56,161],"classifications,":[57],"DEM-based":[59],"hydrological":[60,164],"features":[61],"(HAND,":[62],"slope,":[63],"depressions).":[64],"Then":[65],"five":[66,105],"probabilistic":[67],"maps":[68],"are":[69],"generated,":[70],"backscatter":[72],"coefficient":[73,118],"(FM1),":[74],"hydraulic":[75],"(FM2),":[76],"reflection":[77],"characteristics":[78],"(FM3),":[79],"water":[80],"bodies,":[81],"maps.":[86],"A":[87],"labeled":[88],"dataset":[89],"(500":[90],"million":[91],"10m-resolution":[92],"pixels)":[93],"was":[94],"constructed":[95],"to":[96],"train":[97],"models":[100],"defuzzification.":[102],"Validated":[103],"across":[104],"Asian":[106],"river":[107],"basins,":[108],"the":[109,149,168],"method":[110],"achieved":[111],"overall":[113],"accuracy":[114,125,130],">0.95":[115],"Kappa":[117],">0.84,":[119],"with":[120,131],"XGBoost":[121],"achieving":[122],"peak":[123],"validation":[124],"LightGBM":[127],"maintaining":[128],"comparable":[129],"higher":[132],"efficiency.":[133],"Machine":[134],"learning-based":[135],"defuzzification":[136],"enables":[137],"more":[138],"effective":[139],"capture":[140],"multiscale":[142],"information,":[143,166],"significantly":[144],"outperforming":[145],"fixed-threshold":[146],"segmentation":[147],"at":[148],"single-pixel":[150],"level.":[151],"study,":[153],"based":[154],"on":[155],"multitemporal":[156],"SAR,":[158],"integrates":[159],"type":[162],"principles":[165],"demonstrating":[167],"application":[169],"potential":[170],"larger-scale":[172],"probability":[174],"inundation":[177],"extent":[178],"in":[180],"areas.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
