{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411551212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","title":"S<sup>2</sup>RCFormer: Spatial-Spectral Residual Cross-Attention Transformer for Multimodal Remote Sensing Data Classification","display_name":"S<sup>2</sup>RCFormer: Spatial-Spectral Residual Cross-Attention Transformer for Multimodal Remote Sensing Data Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411551212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781348","display_name":"Yifei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-2518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-2518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068611608","display_name":"Lingming Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingming Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075130396","display_name":"Jialu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0030-1014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425944","display_name":"Wenlong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenlong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026770433","display_name":"Yaochen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-5280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaochen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109516509","display_name":"Yingjie Zong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017587977","display_name":"Aichen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3072-8954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aichen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3072-8954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003835661","display_name":"Yuan Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-2490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141776","display_name":"China XD Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ceqst84","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xi&#x2019;an Jiao-tong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141776"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055284175","display_name":"Shuiguang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-6095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuiguang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-6095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.5921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90293634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"16176","last_page":"16193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5756061673164368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5551366209983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5436370968818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.42581087350845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35404980182647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35275182127952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14791938662528992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1305774450302124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5756061673164368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5551366209983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5436370968818665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.42581087350845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35404980182647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35275182127952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14791938662528992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1305774450302124}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98dc2bb7fd7c4feda32a12b666edc041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98dc2bb7fd7c4feda32a12b666edc041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 16176-16193 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1033609293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX(24)3132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309870","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309870","display_name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/0335n2618"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513013675","https://openalex.org/W1551231141","https://openalex.org/W1584663654","https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W1976044762","https://openalex.org/W1997905047","https://openalex.org/W2014044978","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2127199143","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2165796970","https://openalex.org/W2346557146","https://openalex.org/W2745042876","https://openalex.org/W2746492579","https://openalex.org/W2795018073","https://openalex.org/W2804532080","https://openalex.org/W2808098982","https://openalex.org/W2903047573","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2964051675","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W3004968762","https://openalex.org/W3046027728","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3048631361","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3102692100","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3105357426","https://openalex.org/W3105997607","https://openalex.org/W3121000959","https://openalex.org/W3122028341","https://openalex.org/W3122774149","https://openalex.org/W3128077822","https://openalex.org/W3199015608","https://openalex.org/W3209540366","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4200068923","https://openalex.org/W4223616928","https://openalex.org/W4225931144","https://openalex.org/W4226530543","https://openalex.org/W4255701931","https://openalex.org/W4283029349","https://openalex.org/W4288826250","https://openalex.org/W4312465065","https://openalex.org/W4360889661","https://openalex.org/W4379622455","https://openalex.org/W4379984088","https://openalex.org/W4380763457","https://openalex.org/W4383890157","https://openalex.org/W4386078207","https://openalex.org/W4386950326","https://openalex.org/W4391248599","https://openalex.org/W4392719398","https://openalex.org/W4395468406","https://openalex.org/W4396909904","https://openalex.org/W4399602499","https://openalex.org/W4399666114","https://openalex.org/W4400062116","https://openalex.org/W4400772122","https://openalex.org/W4401726115","https://openalex.org/W4401732412","https://openalex.org/W4401747190","https://openalex.org/W4402041492","https://openalex.org/W4402351343","https://openalex.org/W4402627642","https://openalex.org/W4403917545","https://openalex.org/W4404101686","https://openalex.org/W4406753747","https://openalex.org/W6633023571","https://openalex.org/W6742383365","https://openalex.org/W6851008990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2385371209","https://openalex.org/W4250051149","https://openalex.org/W2083270190","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,22,56,65,69,171,185,190,193,216],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,24,85,109,173,192,232],"remote":[4,33,39],"sensing":[5,34,40],"technology,":[6],"more":[7,9],"and":[8,26,48,51,54,58,99,116,121,135],"modalities":[10,158],"are":[11,43,198],"becoming":[12],"available":[13,235],"for":[14,75,151,164,183],"land":[15],"cover":[16],"classification":[17],"tasks,":[18],"helping":[19],"to":[20,45,128,146,222],"address":[21,64],"issue":[23],"insufficiency":[25],"incompleteness":[27],"caused":[28],"by":[29,177],"modeling":[30],"on":[31,170,200],"single-source":[32],"images.":[35],"However,":[36],"most":[37],"existing":[38],"data":[41],"classifiers":[42],"struggling":[44],"capture":[46],"reliable":[47],"informative":[49],"spatial":[50,117],"spectral":[52,131],"dependencies":[53,169],"neglect":[55],"correlations":[57],"complementarity":[59],"between":[60],"different":[61,157,209,227],"modalities.":[62],"To":[63,105,188],"challenges,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"SpatialSpectral":[70],"Residual":[71,94,149],"Cross-Attention":[72,95,150],"Transformer":[73,100],"(S2RCFormer)":[74],"Multimodal":[76],"Remote":[77],"Sensing":[78],"Data":[79],"Classification":[80],"(MRSDC).":[81],"It":[82],"mainly":[83],"consists":[84],"Patch-wise":[86],"Convolutional":[87,91],"Module":[88,92,97,103],"(PTConv),":[89],"Pixel-wise":[90],"(PXConv),":[93],"Tokenization":[96],"(RCTM)":[98],"Feature":[101],"Fusion":[102],"(TFFM).":[104],"make":[106],"full":[107],"use":[108],"multimodal":[110],"cues,":[111],"PTConv":[112],"extracts":[113],"patch-wise":[114],"spatial-spectral":[115],"feature":[118,132,138],"from":[119,133,139],"HSI":[120,134],"other":[122,140,223],"modality,":[123],"respectively,":[124],"while":[125],"PXConv":[126],"attempts":[127],"exploit":[129],"detailed":[130],"unique":[136],"pixel-wise":[137],"modality.":[141],"Afterwards,":[142],"RCTM":[143],"is":[144,234],"employed":[145],"leverage":[147],"one-dimensional":[148],"adaptively":[152],"fusing":[153],"diverse":[154],"features":[155],"across":[156],"in":[159],"a":[160,178],"tokenization":[161],"fashion.":[162],"As":[163],"TFFM,":[165],"it":[166],"establishes":[167],"long-range":[168],"set":[172],"heterogeneous":[174],"tokens":[175],"followed":[176],"Multiple":[179],"Layer":[180],"Perceptron":[181],"(MLP)":[182],"predicting":[184],"output":[186],"category.":[187],"verify":[189],"effectiveness":[191],"proposed":[194,217],"method,":[195],"extensive":[196],"experiments":[197],"conducted":[199],"three":[201],"benchmark":[202],"datasets":[203],"(Trento,":[204],"MUUFL,":[205],"Augsburg)":[206],"using":[207],"four":[208],"modality":[210],"combinations.":[211],"The":[212,229],"results":[213,221],"indicate":[214],"that":[215],"approach":[218],"shows":[219],"comparable":[220],"state-of-the-art":[224],"methods":[225],"over":[226],"metrics.":[228],"source":[230],"code":[231],"S2RCFormer":[233],"at":[236],"https://github.":[237],"com/terayco/S2RCFormer.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}