{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411551246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","title":"MSGEGA: Multiscale Gaussian Enhancement and Global-Aware Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"MSGEGA: Multiscale Gaussian Enhancement and Global-Aware Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411551246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068937263","display_name":"Yuyang Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5311-3197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuyang Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5311-3197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038424538","display_name":"Liuwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5839-5960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liuwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5839-5960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005771611","display_name":"Ying Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2509-1768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102893279","display_name":"Feng Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2145-6683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108974402","display_name":"Fanjiao Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanjiao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028204191","display_name":"Qingyu Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-1841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-1841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Space Optical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068937263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":4.2355,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93411381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"16038","last_page":"16052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11637","display_name":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5927398204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5500357747077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.48672059178352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.47359493374824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.45897597074508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38371169567108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17668825387954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14761552214622498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5927398204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5500357747077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.48672059178352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.47359493374824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.45897597074508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38371169567108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17668825387954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14761552214622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:291b89864880493db7b7412f63b35f96","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/291b89864880493db7b7412f63b35f96","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 16038-16052 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3582042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1988122332","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2051185466","https://openalex.org/W2158479002","https://openalex.org/W2291670705","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2578504242","https://openalex.org/W2600025239","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2780677785","https://openalex.org/W2900936384","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3124866053","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W4205894295","https://openalex.org/W4286630479","https://openalex.org/W4287020683","https://openalex.org/W4304084055","https://openalex.org/W4313065862","https://openalex.org/W4313506322","https://openalex.org/W4313591737","https://openalex.org/W4313855945","https://openalex.org/W4320494758","https://openalex.org/W4322706642","https://openalex.org/W4323262682","https://openalex.org/W4323353092","https://openalex.org/W4382401167","https://openalex.org/W4387682156","https://openalex.org/W4388756758","https://openalex.org/W4389722545","https://openalex.org/W4391376377","https://openalex.org/W4399449698","https://openalex.org/W4399728296","https://openalex.org/W4400229398","https://openalex.org/W4402733568","https://openalex.org/W4403594096","https://openalex.org/W4403921933","https://openalex.org/W4404177154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374614594","https://openalex.org/W2391549584","https://openalex.org/W2362091980","https://openalex.org/W2391203560","https://openalex.org/W2365737984","https://openalex.org/W2375000493","https://openalex.org/W2461118381","https://openalex.org/W1964286703","https://openalex.org/W2169866437","https://openalex.org/W3056417032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,64],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,11,22,49,89,102,121,129,167,175,178,214,221],"development":[4],"of":[5,13,24,101,171,177,227,233,241],"deep":[6],"learning":[7],"has":[8,249],"significantly":[9],"improved":[10],"performance":[12,202],"infrared":[14,27,36,106],"small":[15,26,37,107,205],"targets":[16,28,38,108,206],"detection":[17,57,231],"(IRSTD),":[18],"particularly":[19],"in":[20,39,154,203],"addressing":[21],"issue":[23],"detecting":[25,35,204],"with":[29,42,48,85,133,150,207],"high":[30,60,151],"signal-to-clutter":[31],"ratio":[32],"(SCR).":[33],"However,":[34],"complex":[40],"backgrounds":[41],"low":[43,56,190,208],"SCR":[44,191,209],"and":[45,59,77,96,123,135,147,159,253],"poor":[46],"contrast":[47],"background":[50,94,146],"still":[51],"faces":[52],"challenges":[53],"such":[54],"as":[55],"rate":[58,232,240],"false":[61,238],"alarm":[62,239],"rate.":[63],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"a":[69,188,230,237,260],"novel":[70],"network":[71],"called":[72],"MSGEGA:":[73],"Multi-Scale":[74,82],"Gaussian":[75,83],"Enhancement":[76,84],"Global-Aware":[78,86,138],"Network.":[79],"MSGEGA":[80,199],"combines":[81],"to":[87,91,120,126,144,186],"strengthen":[88],"ability":[90],"perceive":[92],"global":[93,141],"features":[95,100],"capture":[97],"local":[98,168],"detailed":[99],"target.":[103],"We":[104],"design":[105],"feature":[109,169],"enhancement":[110],"module":[111],"based":[112],"on":[113,220,259],"multi-scale":[114],"gaussian":[115],"templates,":[116],"which":[117],"is":[118],"applied":[119],"head":[122],"skip":[124],"connections":[125],"further":[127],"improve":[128],"distinguishability":[130],"between":[131],"IRSTs":[132],"low-SCR":[134],"background.":[136],"Meanwhile,":[137],"leverages":[139],"its":[140],"receptive":[142],"field":[143],"suppress":[145],"clutter":[148],"components":[149],"mutual":[152],"similarity":[153],"images,":[155],"integrates":[156],"fine":[157],"structures":[158],"boundary":[160],"information":[161],"from":[162],"different":[163],"layers,":[164],"thereby":[165],"enhancing":[166],"representation":[170],"IRSTs.":[172],"To":[173],"validate":[174],"effectiveness":[176],"proposed":[179,215],"method,":[180],"publicly":[181],"available":[182],"datasets":[183],"are":[184],"filtered":[185],"form":[187],"specialized":[189],"dataset":[192],"named":[193],"IRST-LSCR.":[194],"Extensive":[195],"experiments":[196],"show":[197],"that":[198],"achieves":[200],"outstanding":[201],"(SCR":[210],"<":[211],"6).":[212],"Specifically,":[213],"method":[216],"demonstrates":[217],"significant":[218],"advantages":[219],"screened":[222],"dataset,":[223],"achieving":[224,256],"an":[225],"AUC":[226],"0.992.":[228],"At":[229],"0.871,":[234],"it":[235],"maintains":[236],"0.9e-5,":[242],"outperforming":[243],"all":[244],"comparison":[245],"algorithms.":[246],"The":[247],"model":[248],"1.17":[250],"M":[251],"parameters":[252],"2.50":[254],"GFLOPs,":[255],"39.80":[257],"FPS":[258],"single":[261],"RTX":[262],"4090.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
