{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411408476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","title":"Enhancing SAR-ATR Systems\u2019 Resistance to S2M Attacks via FUA: Optimizing Surrogate Models for Adversarial Example Transferability","display_name":"Enhancing SAR-ATR Systems\u2019 Resistance to S2M Attacks via FUA: Optimizing Surrogate Models for Adversarial Example Transferability","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411408476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100585271","display_name":"Xiaying Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaying Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","School of Cyberspace Security, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101308415","display_name":"Shuangju Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuangju Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0510-3307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0510-3307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044798128","display_name":"Mingxin Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxin Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Quan Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-2896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-2896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-4110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-4110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100585271"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.6469,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69188028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"16246","last_page":"16256"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.8637056350708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7487407326698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7056041955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40035298466682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2069128453731537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.8637056350708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7487407326698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7056041955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40035298466682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2069128453731537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:577ba26b2b464504ab7fdbb82af6b293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/577ba26b2b464504ab7fdbb82af6b293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 16246-16256 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3580963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3510100086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62103330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6803843111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62233014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158672843","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2589263706","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2884283253","https://openalex.org/W2945014618","https://openalex.org/W2962847335","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2969542116","https://openalex.org/W3100144085","https://openalex.org/W3130760752","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3171288285","https://openalex.org/W3175083980","https://openalex.org/W3209551844","https://openalex.org/W4285295676","https://openalex.org/W4293817205","https://openalex.org/W4296340120","https://openalex.org/W4308824942","https://openalex.org/W4310854133","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4313140285","https://openalex.org/W4313855808","https://openalex.org/W4323338444","https://openalex.org/W4378085493","https://openalex.org/W4384518514","https://openalex.org/W4386932822","https://openalex.org/W4389988617","https://openalex.org/W4399697501","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6768366551","https://openalex.org/W6773713311","https://openalex.org/W6785111489","https://openalex.org/W6857601782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288055406","https://openalex.org/W4200630034","https://openalex.org/W3137894200","https://openalex.org/W3092178728","https://openalex.org/W4226402597","https://openalex.org/W3132910851","https://openalex.org/W4377864639","https://openalex.org/W4409346678","https://openalex.org/W4392340763","https://openalex.org/W4283325551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,188],"vulnerability":[1],"of":[2,45,81,160],"synthetic":[3,59],"aperture":[4],"radar":[5],"(SAR)":[6],"-":[7],"automatic":[8],"target":[9,47,99],"recognition":[10],"(ATR)":[11],"models":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14],"deep":[15],"neural":[16],"networks":[17],"has":[18,34],"garnered":[19],"increasing":[20],"attention":[21],"in":[22],"recent":[23],"research.":[24],"A":[25],"novel":[26],"and":[27,43,52,98,114,157,177],"extreme":[28],"prior-knowledge-limited":[29],"attack":[30,69,186],"scenario,":[31,70],"synthetic-to-measured":[32],"(S2M),":[33],"been":[35],"proposed,":[36],"where":[37],"the":[38,46,63,67,79,96,104,121,146,154,161,165,180],"architecture,":[39],"parameters,":[40,111],"training":[41],"data,":[42],"outputs":[44],"model":[48,106,110,115,124,162],"remain":[49],"entirely":[50],"unknown,":[51],"adversarial":[53,82,185],"perturbations":[54],"are":[55],"generated":[56,84],"exclusively":[57],"using":[58],"data.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"challenges":[64],"posed":[65],"by":[66,85],"S2M":[68,92,181],"we":[71],"propose":[72],"FUA,":[73],"a":[74,133,138],"comprehensive":[75],"framework":[76],"to":[77,143,196],"improve":[78,179],"transferability":[80,93,182],"examples":[83],"SAR-ATR":[86],"surrogate":[87,97,105,147],"models.":[88],"By":[89],"introducing":[90],"an":[91],"estimation":[94],"between":[95],"models,":[100],"FUA":[101,172],"progressively":[102],"optimizes":[103],"from":[107],"three":[108],"aspects:":[109],"data":[112,128],"distribution":[113,129],"architecture.":[116],"First,":[117],"Fine-tuning":[118],"phase":[119,131,152,193],"provides":[120],"suitable":[122],"initial":[123],"parameters.":[125],"Then,":[126],"Uniform":[127],"fine-tuning":[130],"generates":[132],"uniform":[134],"substitute":[135],"dataset":[136],"with":[137,164],"decision":[139],"boundary":[140],"smoothing":[141],"loss":[142],"further":[144],"fine-tune":[145],"model.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"Architecture":[150],"modification":[151],"modifies":[153],"activation":[155],"functions":[156],"skip":[158],"connections":[159],"architecture":[163],"parameters":[166],"fixed.":[167],"Experimental":[168],"results":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"that":[171],"can":[173,194],"outperform":[174],"SOTA":[175],"methods":[176],"significantly":[178],"across":[183],"various":[184],"algorithms.":[187],"optimization":[189],"strategies":[190],"at":[191],"each":[192],"contribute":[195],"overall":[197],"performance":[198],"improvements.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-06-19T00:00:00"}