{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411086638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","title":"R-Sparse R-CNN: SAR Ship Detection Based on Background-Aware Sparse Learnable Proposals","display_name":"R-Sparse R-CNN: SAR Ship Detection Based on Background-Aware Sparse Learnable Proposals","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411086638","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055329149","display_name":"Kamirul Kamirul","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamirul Kamirul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044802931","display_name":"Odysseas Pappas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-2828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Odysseas A. Pappas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-2828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001624119","display_name":"Alin Achim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-7798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alin M. Achim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-7798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":3.685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.937622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"14955","last_page":"14973"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.680691659450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5449596047401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-matrix","display_name":"Sparse matrix","score":0.5298036336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5009493827819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-approximation","display_name":"Sparse approximation","score":0.47305694222450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4645542800426483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3210098147392273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.680691659450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5449596047401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56372850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050404","display_name":"Sparse matrix","level":3,"score":0.5298036336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5009493827819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124066611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28684319","display_name":"Sparse approximation","level":2,"score":0.47305694222450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4645542800426483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3210098147392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/787011e3-24c5-4907-9a20-143ea4483732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/787011e3-24c5-4907-9a20-143ea4483732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kamirul, K, Pappas, O A & Achim, A M 2025, 'R-Sparse R-CNN : SAR Ship Detection Based on Background-Aware Sparse Learnable Proposals', IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 18, 3577766, pp. 14955-14973. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3577766","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:941569e0158748689e074f5f5ea68c38","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/941569e0158748689e074f5f5ea68c38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 14955-14973 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3577766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1701991437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP /X525674/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328515","display_name":"Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1923947552","https://openalex.org/W1987722462","https://openalex.org/W1994022528","https://openalex.org/W2022585320","https://openalex.org/W2044531722","https://openalex.org/W2090991102","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2148411278","https://openalex.org/W2165435546","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2328148566","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2765879893","https://openalex.org/W2774244034","https://openalex.org/W2799646862","https://openalex.org/W2809395972","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2903903899","https://openalex.org/W2904480641","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2964080601","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2979706722","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2987692455","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2989676862","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3032837604","https://openalex.org/W3033996275","https://openalex.org/W3037920964","https://openalex.org/W3041525128","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3107474049","https://openalex.org/W3113769242","https://openalex.org/W3114254046","https://openalex.org/W3119312984","https://openalex.org/W3125431596","https://openalex.org/W3172752666","https://openalex.org/W3184840388","https://openalex.org/W3200733355","https://openalex.org/W3205482641","https://openalex.org/W3213677878","https://openalex.org/W4214700866","https://openalex.org/W4225125774","https://openalex.org/W4293065229","https://openalex.org/W4317740016","https://openalex.org/W4367276728","https://openalex.org/W4385422915","https://openalex.org/W4396542224","https://openalex.org/W4402261285","https://openalex.org/W4404090460","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6641760533","https://openalex.org/W6646467302","https://openalex.org/W6695390900","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6746017638","https://openalex.org/W6787485904","https://openalex.org/W6801825488","https://openalex.org/W6851431767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964749215","https://openalex.org/W2091883426","https://openalex.org/W3173235360","https://openalex.org/W2174948646","https://openalex.org/W2024017047","https://openalex.org/W4318256793","https://openalex.org/W2051410394","https://openalex.org/W2594370889","https://openalex.org/W2390720471","https://openalex.org/W1600789676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"introduce":[1],"R-Sparse":[2,149,177,208],"R-CNN,":[3,150],"a":[4,86,97,141,153,211],"novel":[5,87],"pipeline":[6,38],"for":[7,43,48,71,214],"oriented":[8,215],"ship":[9,59,92,118,161,216],"detection":[10,217],"in":[11,77,96,111,148,218],"Synthetic":[12],"Aperture":[13],"Radar":[14],"(SAR)":[15],"images":[16],"that":[17,89,117,134,176],"leverages":[18],"sparse":[19,34],"learnable":[20],"proposals":[21,29,35],"enriched":[22],"with":[23,165],"background":[24,61,94,120,163],"contextual":[25,69,136,145],"information,":[26],"termed":[27],"background-aware":[28],"(BAPs).":[30],"The":[31,51,221],"adoption":[32],"of":[33,75,144,187,207],"streamlines":[36],"the":[37,41,64,125,203],"by":[39,57,106,115,185],"eliminating":[40,107],"need":[42],"proposal":[44,167],"generators":[45],"and":[46,60,93,119,162,169,191,195,205],"post-processing":[47],"overlapping":[49],"predictions.":[50],"proposed":[52],"BAPs":[53],"enrich":[54],"object":[55],"representation":[56],"integrating":[58],"features,":[62],"allowing":[63],"model":[65],"to":[66,189],"learn":[67],"their":[68,171],"relationships":[70],"more":[72],"accurate":[73],"distinction":[74],"ships":[76],"complex":[78],"environments.":[79],"To":[80],"complement":[81],"BAPs,":[82],"we":[83,151],"proposeDual-Context":[84],"Pooling(DCP),":[85],"strategy":[88],"jointly":[90],"extracts":[91],"features":[95,121,133,164,168],"single":[98],"unified":[99,102],"operation.":[100],"This":[101,157],"design":[103,152],"improves":[104],"efficiency":[105],"redundant":[108],"computation":[109],"inherent":[110],"separate":[112],"pooling.":[113],"Moreover,":[114],"ensuring":[116],"are":[122],"pooled":[123,160],"from":[124],"same":[126],"feature":[127],"map":[128],"level,":[129],"DCP":[130],"provides":[131],"aligned":[132],"improve":[135],"relationship":[137,146],"learning.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"as":[140,210],"core":[142],"component":[143],"learning":[147],"dedicated":[154],"transformer-basedInteraction":[155],"Module.":[156],"module":[158],"interacts":[159],"corresponding":[166],"models":[170,184],"relationships.":[172],"Experimental":[173],"results":[174,201],"show":[175],"R-CNN":[178,209],"delivers":[179],"outstanding":[180],"accuracy,":[181],"surpassing":[182],"state-of-the-art":[183],"margins":[186],"up":[188],"12.8%":[190],"11.9%":[192],"on":[193],"SSDD":[194],"RSDD-SAR":[196],"inshore":[197],"datasets,":[198],"respectively.":[199],"These":[200],"demonstrate":[202],"effectiveness":[204],"competitiveness":[206],"robust":[212],"framework":[213],"SAR":[219],"imagery.":[220],"code":[222],"is":[223],"available":[224],"at:www.github.com/ka-mirul/R-Sparse-R-CNN.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
