{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410294706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","title":"Refined Anchor-Free Model With Feature Enhancement Mechanism for Ship Detection in Infrared Images","display_name":"Refined Anchor-Free Model With Feature Enhancement Mechanism for Ship Detection in Infrared Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410294706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073639661","display_name":"Yunlong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-0259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-0259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078076737","display_name":"Chuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3878-179X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054449825","display_name":"Ming Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5617-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000232528","display_name":"Yang Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1898-3784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":23.3729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99201371,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"12946","last_page":"12960"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9613999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.6585995554924011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6509129405021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.509739339351654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4948546290397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40298235416412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3872557580471039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3654918670654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33717477321624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.23912647366523743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13540434837341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10890355706214905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.6585995554924011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6509129405021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.509739339351654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4948546290397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40298235416412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3872557580471039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3654918670654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33717477321624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23912647366523743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13540434837341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10890355706214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e0e402b492142999e4a62ee8183ce67","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e0e402b492142999e4a62ee8183ce67","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 12946-12960 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3569294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121076708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61401425","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2774244034","https://openalex.org/W2928007866","https://openalex.org/W2948002932","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2981421529","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W3032837604","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3212180552","https://openalex.org/W4286284703","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4293075084","https://openalex.org/W4313318703","https://openalex.org/W4323338390","https://openalex.org/W4362627132","https://openalex.org/W4366147537","https://openalex.org/W4367276728","https://openalex.org/W4376851275","https://openalex.org/W4379231500","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4387010285","https://openalex.org/W4387092614","https://openalex.org/W4387331377","https://openalex.org/W4387757614","https://openalex.org/W4387857729","https://openalex.org/W4389080187","https://openalex.org/W4389459336","https://openalex.org/W4389474259","https://openalex.org/W4390423664","https://openalex.org/W4390878893","https://openalex.org/W4391807538","https://openalex.org/W4392902708","https://openalex.org/W4392903337","https://openalex.org/W4394895762","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6753038380","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6798838024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382997850","https://openalex.org/W2390968135","https://openalex.org/W2382213751","https://openalex.org/W2351750670","https://openalex.org/W1597848696","https://openalex.org/W2354715126","https://openalex.org/W2388563748","https://openalex.org/W2375179084","https://openalex.org/W2366646518","https://openalex.org/W2370906336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"detection":[1,58,91,112,126,135,178,237,257,261],"in":[2,9,43,59,67,113,175,225,263],"infrared":[3,16,38,60,68,114,246,264],"images":[4,18,50,265],"has":[5],"found":[6],"wide":[7],"applications":[8],"both":[10],"civil":[11],"and":[12,33,45,83,137,187,210],"military":[13],"fields.":[14],"Nowadays,":[15],"ship":[17,57,65,90,111,177,260],"serve":[19],"as":[20,123],"an":[21],"irreplaceable":[22],"information":[23],"source":[24],"for":[25,89,110,172,259],"marine":[26],"surveillance":[27],"tasks":[28],"due":[29],"to":[30,56,95,129,159,202,215,234],"the":[31,77,97,119,124,131,157,161,165,168,182,193,198,205,211,218,222,226,236,240,244,251,255],"all-day":[32],"all-weather":[34],"imaging":[35],"capabilities":[36],"of":[37,121,164,207,221,228,239],"sensors.":[39],"However,":[40],"previous":[41],"researches":[42],"optical":[44],"synthetic":[46],"aperture":[47],"radar":[48],"(SAR)":[49],"can":[51],"not":[52],"be":[53],"simply":[54],"applied":[55],"images,":[61],"there":[62],"are":[63,232],"multi-scale":[64,176],"targets":[66,72,166],"datasets,":[69],"especially":[70],"small-sized":[71],"with":[73,106,151,204],"dense":[74],"distributions.":[75],"Besides,":[76,171],"complex":[78,169],"surroundings":[79],"including":[80],"inshore":[81],"buildings":[82],"thick":[84],"clouds":[85],"put":[86],"higher":[87],"difficulties":[88],"tasks.":[92],"In":[93],"order":[94],"handle":[96],"above":[98],"problems,":[99],"we":[100,117,180],"propose":[101,181],"a":[102,141],"refined":[103,183],"anchor-free":[104,125],"model":[105,229,242],"feature":[107,184,199],"enhancement":[108],"mechanism":[109],"images.":[115],"Firstly,":[116],"redesign":[118,190],"network":[120],"YOLOv8":[122],"model,":[127],"aiming":[128],"perform":[130],"best":[132],"multi-":[133,142],"scale":[134],"accuracy":[136,238],"running":[138],"speed.":[139],"Secondly,":[140],"attention":[143],"fusion":[144,200],"(MAF)":[145],"module":[146],"based":[147],"on":[148,243],"convolution":[149],"kernels":[150],"different":[152],"sizes":[153],"is":[154,195,213],"embedded":[155],"into":[156],"backbone":[158],"distinguish":[160],"spatial":[162],"salience":[163],"from":[167,217],"surroundings.":[170],"improving":[173],"precision":[174],"task,":[179],"alignment":[185],"(RFA)":[186],"label":[188],"assignment":[189],"(LAR)":[191],"modules,":[192],"former":[194],"used":[196],"during":[197],"process":[201,227],"cope":[203],"problem":[206],"contextual":[208],"misalignment,":[209],"latter":[212],"introduced":[214],"refrain":[216],"disadvantageous":[219],"effect":[220],"fuzzy":[223],"areas":[224],"training.":[230],"Experiments":[231],"conducted":[233],"evaluate":[235],"proposed":[241],"public":[245],"datasets":[247],"ISDD":[248],"which":[249],"prove":[250],"model's":[252],"superior":[253],"than":[254],"state-of-the-art":[256],"models":[258],"task":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
