{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409102311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","title":"SODRS: Semisupervised Learning for One-Stage Small Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"SODRS: Semisupervised Learning for One-Stage Small Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409102311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103152959","display_name":"Mingquan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2067-5118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingquan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043833499","display_name":"Lei Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0671-9855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100454865","display_name":"Chengjun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-622X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengjun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717289","display_name":"Jing Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-8427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090238","display_name":"Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00bh8v131","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090238"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, Wuhan, China","Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, 1863 Liberation Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, 1863 Liberation Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085100710","display_name":"Zihao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1737-817X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zifang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051640055","display_name":"X. Y. Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-4990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuewu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan NARI Company Ltd., Wuhan, China","State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan NARI Co., Ltd, 8 Science and Technology 3rd Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan NARI Company Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan NARI Co., Ltd, 8 Science and Technology 3rd Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103152959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":4.5486,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94392604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"10711","last_page":"10723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9528999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7810376882553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6724875569343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5933640003204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5286902785301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4957598149776459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44957104325294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.44582805037498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34042930603027344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7810376882553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6724875569343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5933640003204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5286902785301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4957598149776459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44957104325294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.44582805037498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34042930603027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f558c8d4e44e4c72b0ed11ce6f77b0cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f558c8d4e44e4c72b0ed11ce6f77b0cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 10711-10723 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3557092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1955007327","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2949208911","https://openalex.org/W2949436339","https://openalex.org/W2953792346","https://openalex.org/W2957667237","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2995529467","https://openalex.org/W3022140654","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3035160371","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3130243655","https://openalex.org/W3164113393","https://openalex.org/W3166561508","https://openalex.org/W3172507542","https://openalex.org/W3177272171","https://openalex.org/W3201180374","https://openalex.org/W4214507171","https://openalex.org/W4221143040","https://openalex.org/W4295832403","https://openalex.org/W4386025770","https://openalex.org/W4386071801","https://openalex.org/W4386160304","https://openalex.org/W4386453628","https://openalex.org/W4386883404","https://openalex.org/W4389352554","https://openalex.org/W4390659411","https://openalex.org/W4391128812","https://openalex.org/W4391507156","https://openalex.org/W4391517670","https://openalex.org/W4391559729","https://openalex.org/W4392746054","https://openalex.org/W4393106002","https://openalex.org/W4394741712","https://openalex.org/W4400073249","https://openalex.org/W4401693770","https://openalex.org/W4405489111","https://openalex.org/W6640362995","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6739769129","https://openalex.org/W6773005947","https://openalex.org/W6789505266","https://openalex.org/W6850066135","https://openalex.org/W6852382701","https://openalex.org/W6857710250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329386257","https://openalex.org/W2503350049","https://openalex.org/W2397616145","https://openalex.org/W2397320258","https://openalex.org/W4324058133","https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W648618910","https://openalex.org/W4393624937","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"object":[1,19,31,104,232],"detection":[2,32,88,105,233],"in":[3,37,106,191,230,234],"remote":[4,45,67,107,193,235],"sensing":[5,46,68,108,194,236],"images":[6,109],"faces":[7],"challenges":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,115],"weak":[11],"features,":[12],"vulnerability":[13],"to":[14,55,62,85,125,135,151,169,216],"inter":[15],"ference,":[16],"and":[17,52,71,118,142,144,177,199],"limited":[18],"visibility.":[20],"These":[21],"factors":[22],"have":[23],"made":[24],"it":[25],"a":[26],"long-standing":[27],"technical":[28],"issue.":[29],"Traditional":[30],"methods":[33,229],"often":[34],"perform":[35],"poorly":[36],"this":[38,94,241],"field,":[39],"especially":[40],"when":[41,212],"dealing":[42],"with":[43,196],"high-resolution":[44],"images,":[47],"where":[48],"detec":[49],"tion":[50],"accuracy":[51,198],"robustness":[53,200],"fail":[54],"meet":[56],"practical":[57],"application":[58,224],"needs.":[59],"Furthermore,":[60],"due":[61],"the":[63,72,83,116,120,129,137,145,153,159,171,223],"large":[64],"volume":[65],"of":[66,75,155,226],"image":[69],"data":[70,80],"high":[73],"cost":[74],"annotation,":[76],"effectively":[77],"utilizing":[78],"unlabeled":[79],"has":[81],"become":[82],"key":[84],"enhancing":[86],"model":[87],"performance.":[89],"To":[90],"resolve":[91],"these":[92],"problems,":[93],"paper":[95],"proposes":[96],"an":[97],"one-stage":[98,227],"semi-supervised":[99,228],"learning":[100],"method":[101,112,242],"for":[102,240],"small":[103,189,231],"(SODRS).":[110],"This":[111,221],"uses":[113],"FCOS":[114],"baseline":[117],"introduces":[119],"Squeeze-and-Excitation":[121],"(SE)":[122],"attention":[123],"mechanism":[124],"enhance":[126],"feature":[127],"representation,":[128],"Soft":[130],"Focal":[131],"Loss":[132],"(SFL)":[133],"module":[134],"optimize":[136],"class":[138],"ambiguity":[139],"between":[140],"objects":[141,190,210],"background,":[143],"Confident":[146],"Pseudo":[147],"Labeling":[148],"(CPL)":[149],"strategy":[150],"improve":[152],"quality":[154],"pseudo":[156],"labels.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"Conditional":[160],"Random":[161],"Fields":[162],"(CRF)-based":[163],"Label":[164],"Refinement":[165],"(CLR)":[166],"is":[167,243],"applied":[168],"post-process":[170],"predicted":[172],"labels,":[173],"improving":[174],"spatial":[175],"relationships":[176],"dependencies":[178],"among":[179],"objects.":[180],"Experimental":[181],"results":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"that":[184],"SODRS":[185,206],"excels":[186],"at":[187],"detecting":[188],"complex":[192],"scenarios,":[195],"higher":[197],"than":[201],"existing":[202],"classical":[203],"methods.":[204],"Notably,":[205],"can":[207],"accurately":[208],"distinguish":[209],"even":[211],"densely":[213],"distributed,":[214],"close":[215],"each":[217],"other,":[218],"or":[219],"overlapping.":[220],"demonstrates":[222],"potential":[225],"images.":[237],"The":[238],"code":[239],"available":[244],"at:":[245],"<uri":[246],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[247],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/wxqnl/SODRS</uri>.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}