{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408703309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","title":"EMCFormer: Equalized Multimodal Cues Fusion Transformer for Remote Sensing Visible-Infrared Object Detection Under Long-Tailed Distribution","display_name":"EMCFormer: Equalized Multimodal Cues Fusion Transformer for Remote Sensing Visible-Infrared Object Detection Under Long-Tailed Distribution","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408703309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010561697","display_name":"Zian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3510-3428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3510-3428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040862900","display_name":"Xianghui Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghui Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603557","display_name":"Jin Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9600-7789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9600-7789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102957505","display_name":"Chen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1327-4196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhn, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhn, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396723","display_name":"Zhiyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-5915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-5915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":19.535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98776507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"9533","last_page":"9545"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9192000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5876859426498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5755507349967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5458564758300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5165714025497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.5147090554237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4804077446460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4537038207054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4371996819972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4311589002609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.338246613740921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.28438305854797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.20044606924057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14497247338294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.14079546928405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.13192421197891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12489849328994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08170413970947266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5876859426498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5755507349967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5458564758300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5165714025497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.5147090554237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4804077446460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4537038207054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4371996819972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4311589002609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.338246613740921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28438305854797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.20044606924057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14497247338294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.14079546928405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13192421197891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12489849328994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08170413970947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f933e413e4e449584285bf2acc61015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f933e413e4e449584285bf2acc61015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 9533-9545 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3553747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4041047505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8354495100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8637866159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2176924101","https://openalex.org/W2308318555","https://openalex.org/W2440599146","https://openalex.org/W2962895364","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963188557","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963579094","https://openalex.org/W2967869116","https://openalex.org/W2987131085","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W3006663681","https://openalex.org/W3010512657","https://openalex.org/W3027542479","https://openalex.org/W3035552357","https://openalex.org/W3096688134","https://openalex.org/W3108070979","https://openalex.org/W3109915642","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3166596953","https://openalex.org/W3171998492","https://openalex.org/W3172971995","https://openalex.org/W3177230409","https://openalex.org/W3203170887","https://openalex.org/W3207919963","https://openalex.org/W4200631567","https://openalex.org/W4281492582","https://openalex.org/W4312549624","https://openalex.org/W4312577413","https://openalex.org/W4312596062","https://openalex.org/W4313007055","https://openalex.org/W4327785494","https://openalex.org/W4366352743","https://openalex.org/W4366493021","https://openalex.org/W4386083029","https://openalex.org/W4386189887","https://openalex.org/W4386737234","https://openalex.org/W4387968493","https://openalex.org/W4390787329","https://openalex.org/W4391461226","https://openalex.org/W4391559729","https://openalex.org/W4391953389","https://openalex.org/W4392796741","https://openalex.org/W4392939416","https://openalex.org/W4394597047","https://openalex.org/W4394625572","https://openalex.org/W4396712950","https://openalex.org/W4399800613","https://openalex.org/W4400910050","https://openalex.org/W4401024884","https://openalex.org/W4401723130","https://openalex.org/W4401806723","https://openalex.org/W4402753999","https://openalex.org/W4404562995","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6729448088","https://openalex.org/W6744066916","https://openalex.org/W6804025050","https://openalex.org/W6809665764","https://openalex.org/W6847458731","https://openalex.org/W6868582632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379392295","https://openalex.org/W3160965418","https://openalex.org/W613940353","https://openalex.org/W2320915480","https://openalex.org/W2099421762","https://openalex.org/W2362990116","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2152662039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visible-infrared":[0],"object":[1],"detection":[2,45,122,159],"has":[3],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"applied":[6],"in":[7,40],"multimodal":[8],"remote":[9,25],"sensing":[10,26],"image":[11],"perception":[12],"tasks":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,88],"the":[16,20,94,132,166],"strong":[17],"complementarity":[18],"between":[19],"two":[21],"modalities.":[22],"However,":[23],"visible-infrared":[24],"data":[27,111,171],"often":[28],"exhibits":[29],"long-tail":[30,170],"distribution":[31],"characteristics,":[32],"where":[33],"some":[34],"categories":[35,136,163],"have":[36],"sparse":[37,110],"samples,":[38],"resulting":[39],"insufficient":[41],"training":[42],"and":[43,73,92,164],"poor":[44],"performance":[46,123,144],"for":[47,124,145,161],"tail":[48,97,113,135,146,162],"categories.":[49,126],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52,54],"issue,":[53],"paper":[55],"proposes":[56],"an":[57,65],"\u201cEqualized":[58],"Multi-modal":[59],"Cues":[60,69],"Fusion":[61],"Transformer\u201d":[62],"(EMCFormer),":[63],"incorporating":[64],"innovative":[66],"\u201cMulti-modal":[67],"Heterogeneous":[68],"Aggregation\u201d":[70],"(MHCA)":[71],"module":[72],"\u201cEqualized-Adaptive":[74],"Focal":[75],"Loss\u201d":[76],"(EAFL).":[77],"Specifically,":[78],"MHCA":[79,105],"leverages":[80],"a":[81,139],"cross-modal":[82],"self-attention":[83],"mechanism":[84],"with":[85],"Gumbel":[86,102],"Softmax":[87],"generate":[89],"fused":[90,118],"features":[91,119],"enhance":[93,121],"learning":[95],"of":[96,134],"category":[98,147],"features.":[99],"By":[100],"introducing":[101],"random":[103],"noise,":[104],"effectively":[106,157],"increases":[107],"attention":[108],"on":[109,151],"from":[112],"categories,":[114],"thereby":[115],"producing":[116],"robust":[117],"that":[120,155],"these":[125],"In":[127],"addition,":[128],"EAFL":[129],"dynamically":[130],"amplifies":[131],"contribution":[133],"by":[137,169],"using":[138],"dynamic":[140],"focusing":[141],"factor,":[142],"improving":[143],"detection.":[148],"Extensive":[149],"experiments":[150],"well-recognized":[152],"datasets":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"EMCFormer":[156],"improves":[158],"accuracy":[160],"mitigates":[165],"challenges":[167],"posed":[168],"distribution.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
