{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408145554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","title":"Random Undersampled Digital Elevation Model Super-Resolution Based on Terrain Feature-Aware Deep Learning Network","display_name":"Random Undersampled Digital Elevation Model Super-Resolution Based on Terrain Feature-Aware Deep Learning Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408145554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080105310","display_name":"Ziqiang Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-7870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziqiang Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-7870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031593368","display_name":"Meng Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-3921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-3921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005003415","display_name":"Jingyi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-7396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-7396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001489583","display_name":"Zhengjian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3781-6807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengjian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3781-6807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022939072","display_name":"Jiabao Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-9613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabao Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-9613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080105310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":3.3233,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90294571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"9593","last_page":"9604"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9190000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.8152981400489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6829028129577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.6621806025505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5780341625213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5599596500396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.5051379799842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.48154738545417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4742792546749115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42215657234191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3449455499649048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.334591805934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27371639013290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1300092339515686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.8152981400489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6829028129577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6621806025505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5780341625213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5599596500396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.5051379799842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.48154738545417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4742792546749115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42215657234191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3449455499649048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.334591805934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27371639013290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1300092339515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4817c69a01e041fbb4f9ba90ee2b8c72","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4817c69a01e041fbb4f9ba90ee2b8c72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 9593-9604 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3903710966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5282204017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M742608","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54257720","https://openalex.org/W107455171","https://openalex.org/W1986149296","https://openalex.org/W1990128059","https://openalex.org/W2013177034","https://openalex.org/W2016980974","https://openalex.org/W2022703481","https://openalex.org/W2035871099","https://openalex.org/W2092981979","https://openalex.org/W2106693504","https://openalex.org/W2137577104","https://openalex.org/W2147169375","https://openalex.org/W2160144202","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2214802144","https://openalex.org/W2242218935","https://openalex.org/W2343734370","https://openalex.org/W2423557781","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2607041014","https://openalex.org/W2747898905","https://openalex.org/W2808109260","https://openalex.org/W2895568328","https://openalex.org/W2896113455","https://openalex.org/W2899944658","https://openalex.org/W2916813082","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2936185297","https://openalex.org/W2952773607","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2966926453","https://openalex.org/W2983339877","https://openalex.org/W3124269386","https://openalex.org/W3136148337","https://openalex.org/W3168258205","https://openalex.org/W3202370220","https://openalex.org/W4206491044","https://openalex.org/W4225275192","https://openalex.org/W4237307434","https://openalex.org/W4280654353","https://openalex.org/W4291197278","https://openalex.org/W4307194998","https://openalex.org/W4311781006","https://openalex.org/W4312704068","https://openalex.org/W4313576642","https://openalex.org/W4319721356","https://openalex.org/W4321014940","https://openalex.org/W4392709353","https://openalex.org/W4394615783","https://openalex.org/W4401879239","https://openalex.org/W4402830183","https://openalex.org/W4402915368","https://openalex.org/W6682889407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148155918","https://openalex.org/W2462682329","https://openalex.org/W4386906247","https://openalex.org/W4206741056","https://openalex.org/W3040595263","https://openalex.org/W1621772017","https://openalex.org/W4239147863","https://openalex.org/W2909855017","https://openalex.org/W2352163239","https://openalex.org/W2264981486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,172],"digital":[1],"elevation":[2],"model":[3,126,257],"(DEM)":[4],"provides":[5],"important":[6],"data":[7,50,90],"support":[8],"for":[9],"geographic":[10],"information":[11],"analysis.":[12],"However,":[13,88],"due":[14],"to":[15,42,46,68,75,84,103,109,138,144,190,208,260],"the":[16,24,44,114,130,153,201,211,261,277,296],"limitation":[17],"of":[18,157,203,215,268,281,295],"measurement":[19],"cost":[20],"and":[21,33,58,79,91,97,128,159,183,199,233,246,253,272,285,290],"complex":[22],"terrain,":[23],"collected":[25],"DEMs":[26,59,158],"often":[27],"have":[28,39,43,60,66,94,124],"randomly":[29],"missing":[30],"undersampled":[31],"points":[32],"low":[34,125],"sampling":[35],"density.":[36],"Neural":[37],"networks":[38,249],"been":[40],"shown":[41],"potential":[45],"reconstruct":[47,210],"low-resolution":[48],"DEM":[49,76,89,162,204],"into":[51],"high-resolution":[52],"data.":[53],"Given":[54],"that":[55,166,240,294],"general":[56,71,92,115],"images":[57,93],"similar":[61],"structural":[62,273],"features,":[63,194,198],"some":[64],"researchers":[65],"attempted":[67],"directly":[69,104],"apply":[70,105],"image":[72],"super-resolution":[73,77,107,163,248],"methods":[74,108],"tasks":[78],"achieve":[80],"better":[81],"results":[82,238],"compared":[83,241],"traditional":[85,243],"interpolation-based":[86],"methods.":[87],"unique":[95],"characteristics":[96],"fundamental":[98],"differences,":[99],"making":[100],"it":[101],"inappropriate":[102],"image-based":[106],"extract":[110,191,195],"terrain":[111,154,168,193,197,234],"features.":[112],"Meanwhile,":[113],"spatial":[116,244],"interpolation":[117,140,245],"algorithms":[118],"based":[119],"on":[120,152],"deep":[121,176,192],"learning":[122],"usually":[123,136],"complexity":[127],"lack":[129],"specific":[131],"designed":[132],"loss":[133,221],"function,":[134],"which":[135,187,227],"leads":[137],"significant":[139],"errors.":[141],"In":[142],"order":[143],"solve":[145],"these":[146],"problems,":[147],"we":[148,217],"conducted":[149],"in-depth":[150],"research":[151],"feature":[155,235],"patterns":[156],"proposed":[160],"a":[161,175,179,219],"reconstruction":[164],"network":[165,173],"is":[167,258,288],"feature-aware,":[169],"named":[170],"D-ResDCN.":[171],"integrates":[174],"residual":[177],"module,":[178,182,186],"deformable":[180],"convolution":[181],"an":[184],"upsampling":[185],"are":[188],"used":[189],"adaptive":[196,224],"improve":[200],"resolution":[202],"data,":[205],"respectively.":[206,299],"Furthermore,":[207],"accurately":[209],"local":[212],"detailed":[213],"features":[214],"DEMs,":[216],"constructed":[218],"joint":[220],"function":[222],"with":[223,242],"weight":[225],"adjustment,":[226],"incorporates":[228],"content":[229],"loss,":[230,232],"perceptual":[231],"loss.":[236],"Experimental":[237],"show":[239],"classical":[247],"(SRCNN,":[250],"SRResNet,":[251],"SRGAN,":[252],"ESRGAN),":[254],"our":[255],"D-ResDCN":[256],"comparable":[259],"best":[262],"performing":[263],"SRCNN":[264],"method":[265],"in":[266,279],"terms":[267,280],"peak":[269],"signal-to-noise":[270],"ratio":[271],"similarity":[274],"index,":[275],"while":[276],"performance":[278],"mean":[282],"absolute":[283],"error":[284,287],"root-mean-square":[286],"10.5%":[289],"10.1%":[291],"lower":[292],"than":[293],"SRResNet":[297],"method,":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}