{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408145317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","title":"PFARN: Pyramid Fusion Attention and Refinement Network for Multiscale Ship Detection in SAR Images","display_name":"PFARN: Pyramid Fusion Attention and Refinement Network for Multiscale Ship Detection in SAR Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408145317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343450","display_name":"Ke Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-4244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Engineering Institute, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","Electronic Engineering Institute, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Engineering Institute, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Engineering Institute, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648591","display_name":"Hang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-6166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017641817","display_name":"Suqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-5766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-5766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shanhu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0341-155X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanhu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0341-155X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032855635","display_name":"Bailu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-934X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bailu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-934X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":13.4502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97925984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"9821","last_page":"9836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.673139214515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6706520915031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6683938503265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5546706914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4813426434993744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.48025038838386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4500676393508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3547353744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.26630324125289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2537022829055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07693105936050415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.673139214515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6706520915031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6683938503265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5546706914901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4813426434993744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.48025038838386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4500676393508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3547353744506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26630324125289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2537022829055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07693105936050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:698854af5fe14d8397ce1fab51a21445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/698854af5fe14d8397ce1fab51a21445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 9821-9836 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3547234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1622823741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2692032289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M710533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5811661710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6995076352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2036906990","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2086754696","https://openalex.org/W2090991102","https://openalex.org/W2144158572","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2551083396","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2625219738","https://openalex.org/W2747165560","https://openalex.org/W2765879893","https://openalex.org/W2799646862","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2945208377","https://openalex.org/W2961699889","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963058975","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963706010","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2966926453","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2998017713","https://openalex.org/W3004460637","https://openalex.org/W3031154432","https://openalex.org/W3032837604","https://openalex.org/W3033996275","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3041525128","https://openalex.org/W3092663126","https://openalex.org/W3136239039","https://openalex.org/W3180954604","https://openalex.org/W3184840388","https://openalex.org/W3186888943","https://openalex.org/W3200733355","https://openalex.org/W4205338556","https://openalex.org/W4207076822","https://openalex.org/W4221044012","https://openalex.org/W4221161331","https://openalex.org/W4282970873","https://openalex.org/W4283809070","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4313855947","https://openalex.org/W4313886592","https://openalex.org/W4321608265","https://openalex.org/W4322707254","https://openalex.org/W4367671431","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387010228","https://openalex.org/W4389474259","https://openalex.org/W4390284944","https://openalex.org/W4392187896","https://openalex.org/W4399601712","https://openalex.org/W4400188626","https://openalex.org/W4403332096","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6732243160","https://openalex.org/W6745378982","https://openalex.org/W6752378368","https://openalex.org/W6764322716","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6798838024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252699458","https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2370195708","https://openalex.org/W1490651872","https://openalex.org/W2139242969","https://openalex.org/W2284201331","https://openalex.org/W2095903272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2],"(SAR)-based":[3],"ship":[4,37,81,98,109,161],"detection":[5,30,38,147,217,280],"is":[6,93,168,190,213,276],"of":[7,23,66,69,176,199,232,281],"great":[8],"value":[9],"to":[10,36,62,96,104,170,219,227],"military":[11],"surveillance":[12],"and":[13,80,111,155,174,194,203,230,249,259,264],"civil":[14],"port":[15],"management.":[16],"Recently,":[17],"motivated":[18],"by":[19],"the":[20,52,63,73,105,123,130,139,172,180,201,216,222,228,233,239,256,271,279],"excellent":[21],"performance":[22],"convolutional":[24],"neural":[25],"networks":[26],"(CNNs)":[27],"for":[28,159,215,247,252,262,267,278],"object":[29],"in":[31,83,255,270],"computer":[32],"vision,":[33],"their":[34,56],"application":[35,65],"on":[39,192],"SAR":[40,53,84,160],"images":[41,54,85],"has":[42],"been":[43],"attracting":[44],"attention":[45,154],"gradually.":[46],"However,":[47],"different":[48],"from":[49,72],"optical":[50],"images,":[51],"have":[55,77,107],"own":[57],"unique":[58],"characteristics,":[59],"posing":[60],"challenges":[61],"direct":[64],"CNNs.":[67],"First":[68],"all,":[70],"ships":[71,102,254,269],"remote":[74],"sensing":[75],"perspective":[76],"special":[78],"proportions,":[79],"objects":[82],"lack":[86],"prior":[87],"multiscale":[88,97,282],"aspect":[89],"ratio":[90],"information,":[91],"which":[92,113,189,275],"not":[94],"conducive":[95],"detection.":[99,118,162],"Second,":[100,179],"coastal":[101],"sticking":[103],"land":[106],"blurred":[108],"edges":[110],"positions,":[112],"greatly":[114],"interferes":[115],"with":[116,129,185],"stable":[117],"Furthermore,":[119],"scattered":[120],"noise":[121],"at":[122],"sea":[124],"surface":[125],"can":[126],"be":[127],"confused":[128],"tiny":[131,253,268],"ships,":[132],"possibly":[133],"causing":[134],"false":[135],"alarm.":[136],"To":[137],"address":[138],"aforementioned":[140],"problems,":[141],"this":[142],"article":[143],"proposes":[144],"a":[145,164,207],"novel":[146],"algorithm":[148],"named":[149],"<italic":[150],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">pyramid":[152],"fusion":[153,187],"refinement":[156],"network</i>":[157],"(PFARN)":[158],"First,":[163],"shape":[165],"scale":[166],"convolution":[167],"used":[169,214],"improve":[171],"focus":[173],"extraction":[175],"mutiscale-ship":[177],"features.":[178],"feature":[181],"maps":[182],"are":[183],"fused":[184],"pyramid":[186],"attention,":[188],"based":[191],"self-attention":[193],"Gaussian":[195],"cross-attention,":[196],"ensuring":[197],"alignment":[198],"both":[200],"semantic":[202],"spatial":[204],"information.":[205],"Third,":[206],"more":[208],"suitable":[209],"central":[210],"loss":[211],"function":[212],"head":[218],"ensure":[220],"that":[221,238],"bounding":[223],"box":[224],"flexibly":[225],"adapts":[226],"size":[229],"location":[231],"object.":[234],"Experimental":[235],"studies":[236],"show":[237],"proposed":[240],"PFARN":[241],"achieves":[242],"98.1%":[243],"average":[244],"precision":[245],"(AP)":[246],"all":[248,263],"57.4%":[250],"AP":[251,261,266],"SSDD":[257],"datasets,":[258,273],"94.2%":[260],"68.0%":[265],"HRSID":[272],"respectively,":[274],"satisfactory":[277],"ships.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
