{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408017432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","title":"MAS-PD: Transferable Adversarial Attack Against Vision-Transformers-Based SAR Image Classification Task","display_name":"MAS-PD: Transferable Adversarial Attack Against Vision-Transformers-Based SAR Image Classification Task","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408017432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Boshi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6545-7636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boshi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6545-7636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659171","display_name":"Jiabin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023531675","display_name":"Yunjie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3721-0178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3721-0178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101533266","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9562-9634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9562-9634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111294976","display_name":"Z. H. Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Institute of Electronic Equipment of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Institute of Electronic Equipment of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":7.0351,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96211026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"9509","last_page":"9521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9613000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8044683933258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7156183123588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5908792614936829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5335837602615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5084249377250671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.47649091482162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4325457811355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.42402833700180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3398500978946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2863701581954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11289158463478088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.08536157011985779}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8044683933258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7156183123588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5908792614936829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5335837602615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5084249377250671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.47649091482162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4325457811355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.42402833700180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3398500978946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2863701581954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11289158463478088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.08536157011985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82507e1e8b9d4425a16db076cfa76039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82507e1e8b9d4425a16db076cfa76039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 9509-9521 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3546271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964166023","https://openalex.org/W2162292072","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2613825824","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2896903403","https://openalex.org/W2962847335","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3034176567","https://openalex.org/W3088971399","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3100144085","https://openalex.org/W3127159478","https://openalex.org/W3137278571","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3184998709","https://openalex.org/W3196621661","https://openalex.org/W3198701625","https://openalex.org/W3207962952","https://openalex.org/W4206522033","https://openalex.org/W4214636423","https://openalex.org/W4285212662","https://openalex.org/W4285295676","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4310854133","https://openalex.org/W4312660027","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386996713","https://openalex.org/W4388642449","https://openalex.org/W4388848897","https://openalex.org/W4391341588","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6731927902","https://openalex.org/W6784025586","https://openalex.org/W6788135285","https://openalex.org/W6797592835","https://openalex.org/W6863973777","https://openalex.org/W6875032892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4210966920","https://openalex.org/W2156233651","https://openalex.org/W2550009779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2,43],"(SAR)":[3],"is":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,14,25,50,134,184,290],"civil":[8],"and":[9,66,111,156,213,285],"military":[10],"fields.":[11],"With":[12],"advancements":[13],"vision":[15],"transformer":[16,90],"(ViT)":[17],"research,":[18],"these":[19,131],"models":[20,65,91],"have":[21],"become":[22,46],"increasingly":[23],"important":[24],"SAR":[26,220,291],"image":[27,292],"classification":[28,39,293],"due":[29,103],"to":[30,104,137,159,193,253,265,288],"their":[31],"remarkable":[32],"performance.":[33],"Therefore,":[34],"effectively":[35],"interfering":[36],"with":[37,201],"the":[38,78,87,139,144,151,169,216],"results":[40,224,275],"of":[41,80,114,171,236,262],"enemy":[42],"systems":[44],"has":[45,92],"a":[47,57,124],"crucial":[48],"factor":[49],"ensuring":[51],"battlefield":[52],"security.":[53],"Adversarial":[54],"attacks":[55,173],"offer":[56],"potential":[58],"solution,":[59],"as":[60],"they":[61],"can":[62],"significantly":[63,280],"mislead":[64],"cause":[67],"incorrect":[68],"predictions.":[69],"However,":[70],"recent":[71],"research":[72],"on":[73,77,89,181,249],"adversarial":[74,127,172,204],"examples":[75],"focus":[76],"vulnerability":[79],"convolutional":[81],"neural":[82],"network":[83],"(CNN)":[84],"models,":[85],"while":[86,240],"attack":[88,128,189,205],"not":[93],"been":[94],"extensively":[95],"studied.":[96],"Considering":[97],"that":[98,226,277],"ViTs":[99,284,287],"differ":[100],"from":[101,286],"CNNs":[102,212,289],"its":[105,112],"unique":[106],"multihead":[107],"self-attention":[108],"(MSA)":[109],"mechanism":[110],"approach":[113],"segmenting":[115],"images":[116],"into":[117],"patches":[118,183],"for":[119,270],"input,":[120],"this":[121],"article":[122],"proposes":[123],"\u201cMAS-PD\u201d":[125],"black-box":[126],"method":[129,167,200,228,256],"targeting":[130],"two":[132],"mechanisms":[133],"ViTs.":[135],"First,":[136],"target":[138],"MSA":[140],"mechanism,":[141],"we":[142,178],"propose":[143],"Momentum":[145],"Attention":[146],"Skipping":[147],"attack.":[148],"By":[149],"skipping":[150],"attention":[152],"gradient":[153,164],"during":[154,163],"backpropagation":[155],"using":[157,194,215],"momentum":[158],"avoid":[160],"local":[161],"maxima":[162],"ascent,":[165],"our":[166,199,227,255,278],"enhances":[168,281],"transferability":[170,282],"across":[174,207,238],"different":[175,208],"models.":[176],"Then,":[177],"apply":[179],"dropout":[180],"input":[182],"each":[185],"iteration,":[186],"achieving":[187],"higher":[188],"success":[190],"rates":[191],"compared":[192,264],"all":[195],"patches.":[196],"We":[197],"compare":[198],"four":[202],"traditional":[203],"techniques":[206],"model":[209],"architectures,":[210],"including":[211],"ViTs,":[214,239],"publicly":[217],"available":[218],"MSTAR":[219],"dataset.":[221],"The":[222,273],"experimental":[223],"show":[225],"achieves":[229,258],"an":[230,259],"average":[231,260],"Attack":[232],"Success":[233],"Rate":[234],"(ASR)":[235],"68.82%":[237],"other":[241,271],"methods":[242],"achieve":[243],"no":[244],"more":[245],"than":[246,267],"50%":[247],"ASR":[248,261,269],"average.":[250],"When":[251],"applied":[252],"CNNs,":[254],"also":[257],"67.14%,":[263],"less":[266],"40%":[268],"methods.":[272],"experiment":[274],"demonstrate":[276],"algorithm":[279],"between":[283],"tasks.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
