{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407948875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","title":"DSF2-NAS: Dual-Stage Feature Fusion via Network Architecture Search for Classification of Multimodal Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"DSF2-NAS: Dual-Stage Feature Fusion via Network Architecture Search for Classification of Multimodal Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407948875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102836152","display_name":"Shiyang Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6675-2948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6675-2948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101455645","display_name":"Zhaowei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-3917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaowei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335202","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-782X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimodal Foundation Data Group, Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-782X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimodal Foundation Data Group, Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021220108","display_name":"Tao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-9818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-9818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059575276","display_name":"Bin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4748-6426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4748-6426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":4.1942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93557753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"7207","last_page":"7220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7368537187576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5819284915924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5464575886726379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5461760759353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5283656120300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5176263451576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.49331989884376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.48601657152175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.4625071883201599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4572643041610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36154812574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20010000467300415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7368537187576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5819284915924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5464575886726379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5461760759353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5283656120300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5176263451576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.49331989884376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.48601657152175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.4625071883201599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4572643041610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36154812574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:628fc53e73d646cca8f6352b19e09e45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/628fc53e73d646cca8f6352b19e09e45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 7207-7220 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3545831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3590546581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2371140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8249770577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60686164","https://openalex.org/W1965309615","https://openalex.org/W2151358505","https://openalex.org/W2810857565","https://openalex.org/W2902746003","https://openalex.org/W2907147407","https://openalex.org/W2935079508","https://openalex.org/W2962850006","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963821229","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2966284335","https://openalex.org/W3004968762","https://openalex.org/W3035356612","https://openalex.org/W3048631361","https://openalex.org/W3081753142","https://openalex.org/W3082154327","https://openalex.org/W3123544374","https://openalex.org/W3152844947","https://openalex.org/W3167266074","https://openalex.org/W3202370946","https://openalex.org/W3208935369","https://openalex.org/W3209540366","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4220689788","https://openalex.org/W4223616928","https://openalex.org/W4285223668","https://openalex.org/W4286377515","https://openalex.org/W4312459463","https://openalex.org/W4312545227","https://openalex.org/W4312815893","https://openalex.org/W4312863973","https://openalex.org/W4313062423","https://openalex.org/W4313824533","https://openalex.org/W4323316583","https://openalex.org/W4362465355","https://openalex.org/W4379984088","https://openalex.org/W4380763457","https://openalex.org/W4383752953","https://openalex.org/W4385254027","https://openalex.org/W4387415336","https://openalex.org/W4404481677","https://openalex.org/W6729956949","https://openalex.org/W6729972426","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6766225098","https://openalex.org/W6782312781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2370195708","https://openalex.org/W1490651872","https://openalex.org/W2139242969","https://openalex.org/W2284201331","https://openalex.org/W2095903272","https://openalex.org/W1989561795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,34,47,60,87,98,109,119,134,158,169,176,186,203,208],"classification":[2,35,159,266],"of":[3,36,45,72,111,128,160,166,213,250],"multimodal":[4,37,52,73,161,200,233,251],"remote":[5],"sensing":[6],"images":[7],"(RSIs)":[8],"has":[9,244],"garnered":[10],"significant":[11],"attention":[12],"due":[13,58],"to":[14,17,27,59,86,137,196,230],"its":[15],"ability":[16],"provide":[18],"rich":[19],"information":[20],"for":[21,33,51,81,103,133,157],"various":[22,248],"scenes":[23],"on":[24,153,221,247],"Earth.":[25],"Compared":[26],"traditional":[28],"feature":[29,149,170,190],"fusion":[30,104,112,150,177,198,214],"methods":[31,80],"used":[32],"RSIs,":[38,74,96,129,252],"neural":[39],"architecture":[40],"search":[41,172,179],"(NAS)":[42],"is":[43,194],"capable":[44],"identifying":[46],"optimal":[48],"network":[49],"structure":[50],"RSIs":[53],"and":[54,67,89,122,175,226,238,253],"downstream":[55,139],"tasks.":[56,140],"However,":[57],"diverse":[61],"spatial":[62,120,222,237],"resolutions,":[63],"complex":[64,236],"channel":[65,123,224,239],"dimensions,":[66],"drastic":[68],"foreground":[69],"scale":[70],"variations":[71],"challenges":[75],"arise":[76],"when":[77],"employing":[78],"NAS":[79],"precise":[82],"classification:":[83],"1)":[84],"Due":[85],"complementary":[88],"redundant":[90],"nature":[91],"between":[92,125],"different":[93,126],"modalities":[94,127],"in":[95,207],"determining":[97],"features":[99,136,201,234],"within":[100],"each":[101],"modality":[102],"becomes":[105],"quite":[106],"challenging;":[107],"2)":[108],"design":[110],"operators":[113,215],"does":[114],"not":[115],"take":[116],"into":[117],"account":[118],"positions":[121],"relationships":[124],"making":[130],"it":[131],"difficult":[132],"fused":[135],"match":[138],"To":[141],"address":[142],"these":[143],"issues,":[144],"we":[145],"propose":[146],"a":[147,189,211],"dual-stage":[148],"framework":[151],"based":[152,220],"NAS,":[154],"termed":[155],"DSF2-NAS,":[156],"RSIs.":[162],"It":[163],"primarily":[164],"consists":[165],"two":[167],"components:":[168],"candidate":[171],"(FCS)":[173],"module":[174],"operator":[178],"(FOS)":[180],"module,":[181,188,210],"which":[182,218],"execute":[183],"sequentially.":[184],"In":[185],"FCS":[187],"distance-based":[191],"regularization":[192],"approach":[193],"proposed":[195,242],"ensure":[197],"using":[199],"with":[202,235],"highest":[204],"complementarity.":[205],"Meanwhile,":[206],"FOS":[209],"series":[212],"are":[216,219],"designed,":[217],"positions,":[223],"relationships,":[225],"self-attention":[227],"mechanisms,":[228],"aiming":[229],"better":[231],"integrate":[232],"information.":[240],"The":[241],"method":[243,260],"been":[245],"evaluated":[246],"datasets":[249],"experimental":[254],"results":[255],"consistently":[256],"show":[257],"that":[258],"this":[259],"achieves":[261],"state-of-the-art":[262],"performance":[263],"across":[264],"multiple":[265],"metrics.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}