{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407638983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","title":"Ocean Surface Retracking in Tropical Cyclones With the KaIA Airborne Radar Altimeter","display_name":"Ocean Surface Retracking in Tropical Cyclones With the KaIA Airborne Radar Altimeter","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407638983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002561795","display_name":"Clayton Bjorland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1574-8828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154505","display_name":"Tomorrows Children\u2019s Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/04wgs4413","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154505"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clayton M. Bjorland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tomorrow.io, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1574-8828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tomorrow.io, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010864619","display_name":"Zorana Jelenak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-2973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133019","display_name":"NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn06t56","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050","https://openalex.org/I4210133019"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zorana Jelenak","raw_affiliation_strings":["NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications (STAR), College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications (STAR), College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133019","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052841351","display_name":"Joseph Sapp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3379-1286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105893","display_name":"Global Science & Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01a5ymr35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105893"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph W. Sapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3379-1286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071389489","display_name":"Casey G. Shoup","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4379-7366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105893","display_name":"Global Science & Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01a5ymr35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105893"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casey G. Shoup","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4379-7366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111882319","display_name":"Bradley Isom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154505","display_name":"Tomorrows Children\u2019s Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/04wgs4413","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154505"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley M. Isom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tomorrow.io, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tomorrow.io, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059901615","display_name":"Paul Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5113-0938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133019","display_name":"NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn06t56","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050","https://openalex.org/I4210133019"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul S. Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications (STAR), College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5113-0938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications (STAR), College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133019","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110041305","display_name":"J. Carswell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154505","display_name":"Tomorrows Children\u2019s Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/04wgs4413","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154505"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Carswell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tomorrow.io, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tomorrow.io, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154505"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002561795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154505"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02269228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"6480","last_page":"6491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.90420001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6884230375289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-cyclone","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","score":0.6206049919128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimeter","display_name":"Altimeter","score":0.5548233389854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4600427448749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-altimeter","display_name":"Radar altimeter","score":0.42723801732063293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-based-radar","display_name":"Space-based radar","score":0.4218076467514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4034137725830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3974947929382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.37283676862716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3501546382904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.26654964685440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20243167877197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.15763023495674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.12219423055648804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6884230375289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29141058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8092","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","level":2,"score":0.6206049919128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.5548233389854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4600427448749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104030","display_name":"Radar altimeter","level":3,"score":0.42723801732063293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36067731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572176","display_name":"Space-based radar","level":5,"score":0.4218076467514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4034137725830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3974947929382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.37283676862716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3501546382904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.26654964685440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20243167877197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.15763023495674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12219423055648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:70530","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/70530","pdf_url":"http://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/70530/noaa_70530_DS1.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 18, 6480-6491","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bab944cc605347878a1f810bb25ba0ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bab944cc605347878a1f810bb25ba0ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 6480-6491 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3542635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1804427010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ST13301CQ0050/1332KP22FNEED0042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G260209328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1332KP22FNEED0042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8441594025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ST13301CQ0050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1645858368","https://openalex.org/W2012392621","https://openalex.org/W2015038566","https://openalex.org/W2078539200","https://openalex.org/W2109122203","https://openalex.org/W2142679956","https://openalex.org/W2621449246","https://openalex.org/W3001183373","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3207636287","https://openalex.org/W4386244795","https://openalex.org/W6678926389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057250073","https://openalex.org/W2103011224","https://openalex.org/W1895196404","https://openalex.org/W2118152362","https://openalex.org/W2154228978","https://openalex.org/W2121276230","https://openalex.org/W2058732972","https://openalex.org/W2142736189","https://openalex.org/W2137313801","https://openalex.org/W2113568991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"KaIA":[0,22],"is":[1,118],"an":[2],"airborne":[3,68],"Ka-band":[4],"radar":[5],"altimeter":[6],"capable":[7],"of":[8,87],"centimetric":[9],"range":[10],"resolution":[11],"and":[12,29,48,125,134],"near":[13],"real-time":[14],"significant":[15,76,151],"wave":[16,152],"height":[17,153],"retrievals.":[18],"Beginning":[19],"in":[20,40,70,150],"2019,":[21],"has":[23],"been":[24],"installed":[25],"on":[26],"National":[27],"Oceanic":[28],"Atmospheric":[30],"Administration":[31],"(NOAA)":[32],"WP-3D":[33],"Hurricane":[34],"Hunter":[35],"aircraft":[36,116],"to":[37,78,94,100,111,130,156],"collect":[38],"data":[39,127],"Atlantic":[41],"tropical":[42],"cyclones":[43,50],"during":[44,51],"the":[45,52,88,139],"hurricane":[46,141],"season,":[47],"extratropical":[49],"winter":[53],"storm":[54],"season.":[55],"This":[56],"article":[57],"details":[58],"recent":[59],"retracker":[60,79],"algorithm":[61,80,110,132],"innovations":[62],"that":[63],"address":[64],"specific":[65],"difficulties":[66],"with":[67],"altimetry":[69,92],"extreme":[71],"weather.":[72],"Our":[73],"two":[74],"most":[75],"contributions":[77],"development":[81],"are:":[82],"1)":[83],"a":[84,107],"higher-order":[85],"expansion":[86],"classic":[89],"Brown":[90],"(1977)":[91],"waveform":[93],"accommodate":[95],"off-nadir":[96],"pointing":[97],"angles":[98],"up":[99],"3.25<inline-formula":[101],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[102],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[103],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${}^{\\circ":[104],"}$</tex-math></inline-formula>;":[105],"2)":[106],"GPS":[108],"stabilization":[109],"enable":[112],"along-track":[113],"averaging":[114],"while":[115],"altitude":[117],"changing":[119],"unpredictably.":[120],"Comparisons":[121],"against":[122],"coincident":[123,157],"measurements":[124],"modeled":[126],"are":[128],"presented":[129],"validate":[131],"improvements":[133],"document":[135],"KaIA's":[136],"performance":[137],"throughout":[138],"2021-2023":[140],"seasons.":[142],"We":[143],"measure":[144],"less":[145],"than":[146],"0.1":[147],"m":[148],"bias":[149],"retrievals":[154],"relative":[155],"satellite":[158],"altimeters.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}