{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407450744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","title":"BrownViTNet: Hybrid CNN-Vision Transformer Model for the Classification of Brownfields in Aerial Imagery","display_name":"BrownViTNet: Hybrid CNN-Vision Transformer Model for the Classification of Brownfields in Aerial Imagery","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407450744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115584915","display_name":"Konrad D\u00fcrrbeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad D\u00fcrrbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","Fraun- ¨ hofer IIS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8661-6227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraun- ¨ hofer IIS, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026526844","display_name":"Asifuzzaman Lasker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180765649","display_name":"Aliah University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rfycd69","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180765649"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asifuzzaman Lasker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aliah University, Kadampukur, India","Aliah University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5468-371X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aliah University, Kadampukur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180765649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aliah University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180765649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116253035","display_name":"Kiran Gollapalli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Gollapalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","Fraun- ¨ hofer IIS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraun- ¨ hofer IIS, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036390147","display_name":"Mridul Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093989","display_name":"Sanskriti Samvardhan Mandal","ror":"https://ror.org/01egfqj98","country_code":"IN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093989"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mridul Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya, Belpukur, India","Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya, Belpukur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093989"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069405328","display_name":"Sk Md Obaidullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-3709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Obaidullah Sk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Aliah University, Kadampukur, India","Fraunhofer IIS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-3709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Aliah University, Kadampukur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roland Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5164-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","Fraun- ¨ hofer IIS, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5164-1137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraun- ¨ hofer IIS, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.9158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89109956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"8189","last_page":"8202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9107000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9016000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.7052704691886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6629952788352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6390207409858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5730273127555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.5526531338691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5464928150177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3951711058616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3684662878513336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17241451144218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16221210360527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14905774593353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.07349231839179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06108027696609497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.7052704691886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6629952788352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6390207409858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5730273127555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.5526531338691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5464928150177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3951711058616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3684662878513336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17241451144218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16221210360527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14905774593353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07349231839179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06108027696609497}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d471bed152794236b7401276f5227f27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d471bed152794236b7401276f5227f27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 8189-8202 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/487155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/487155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077577280","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2261006254","https://openalex.org/W2605495192","https://openalex.org/W2759880437","https://openalex.org/W2887695188","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3022758651","https://openalex.org/W3135506515","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3140342828","https://openalex.org/W3172374794","https://openalex.org/W3198300906","https://openalex.org/W3201985298","https://openalex.org/W3214479144","https://openalex.org/W3214976198","https://openalex.org/W4220906728","https://openalex.org/W4327956421","https://openalex.org/W4385886887","https://openalex.org/W4390344318","https://openalex.org/W4390956202","https://openalex.org/W4391305871","https://openalex.org/W4400303610","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6795062860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283696875","https://openalex.org/W3110585990","https://openalex.org/W4385767632","https://openalex.org/W2898690910","https://openalex.org/W2784132289","https://openalex.org/W4286697184","https://openalex.org/W2889700547","https://openalex.org/W2889866244","https://openalex.org/W3034139063","https://openalex.org/W2593313455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"identification":[1],"of":[2,18,82,102,110,131,153,164,182,188,199,211],"brownfield":[3,125,189],"sites":[4],"through":[5],"satellite":[6,39,202],"imagery":[7,40],"is":[8],"a":[9,69,79,94,97,107,150,165,175,179,205],"crucial":[10],"yet":[11],"challenging":[12],"classification":[13,198],"problem":[14],"in":[15,78,106,196,208],"the":[16,58,111,128,159,197,209],"field":[17],"remote":[19],"sensing":[20],"applications.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23],"study,":[24],"we":[25,135],"leverage":[26],"aerial":[27,37],"images":[28,66,89],"sourced":[29],"from":[30,201],"Google":[31],"Maps,":[32,34],"Bing":[33],"and":[35,38,53,100,122,143,217],"national":[36],"(DOP20),":[41],"focusing":[42],"on":[43,93],"three":[44],"distinct":[45],"land":[46],"use":[47,210],"classes:":[48],"active":[49,116],"areas,":[50,117,121],"construction":[51,120],"sites,":[52],"brownfields,":[54],"all":[55],"matched":[56],"across":[57],"same":[59],"geographical":[60],"coordinates.":[61],"Our":[62],"dataset":[63,112,147],"initially":[64],"includes":[65],"set":[67],"against":[68],"1000":[70,72],"\u00d7":[71],"pixel":[73],"blank":[74],"canvas,":[75],"often":[76],"resulting":[77,105],"significant":[80,206],"portion":[81],"unused":[83],"black":[84],"space.":[85],"To":[86],"optimize":[87],"this,":[88],"were":[90],"cropped":[91],"based":[92],"threshold":[95],"ensuring":[96],"minimum":[98],"height":[99],"width":[101],"400":[103],"pixels,":[104],"substantial":[108],"reduction":[109],"by":[113,171],"42.8%":[114],"for":[115,119,124,214],"65.93%":[118],"75.86%":[123],"images.":[126],"Given":[127],"reduced":[129],"size":[130,148,181],"our":[132,146],"usable":[133],"dataset,":[134],"employed":[136],"single-image":[137],"super-resolution":[138],"to":[139],"enhance":[140],"image":[141],"quality":[142],"effectively":[144],"double":[145],"as":[149],"augmentation":[151],"part":[152],"training":[154],"data.":[155],"For":[156],"model":[157],"architecture,":[158],"initial":[160],"four":[161],"layers":[162,173],"consist":[163],"convolutional":[166],"neural":[167],"network":[168,192],"(CNN),":[169],"followed":[170],"intermediate":[172],"using":[174],"vision":[176,190],"transformer":[177,191],"with":[178],"patch":[180],"16.":[183],"This":[184],"novel":[185],"hybrid":[186],"architecture":[187],"demonstrated":[193],"impressive":[194],"accuracy":[195],"brownfields":[200],"imagery,":[203],"presenting":[204],"advance":[207],"machine":[212],"learning":[213],"environmental":[215],"monitoring":[216],"urban":[218],"planning.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}