{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407450794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","title":"Mapping Urban Areas and Infrastructure Through Fusion of Airborne SAR 3-D Images: A Comparative Study With ALS Sensors","display_name":"Mapping Urban Areas and Infrastructure Through Fusion of Airborne SAR 3-D Images: A Comparative Study With ALS Sensors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407450794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003400878","display_name":"El\u00edas M\u00e9ndez Dom\u00ednguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-9424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"El\u00edas M\u00e9ndez Dom\u00ednguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-9424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065781043","display_name":"Peter Brotzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6960-4537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Brotzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6960-4537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040260916","display_name":"Emiliano Casalini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-9119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emiliano Casalini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-9119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046480497","display_name":"David Small","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1440-364X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Small","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1440-364X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003400878"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":4.5793,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92412567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"6164","last_page":"6181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9341999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6003993153572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5785265564918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5237262845039368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5126930475234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.46343928575515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.445202112197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.44292497634887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42981940507888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.24714714288711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1993880569934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15131905674934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1467912793159485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6003993153572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5785265564918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5237262845039368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5126930475234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.46343928575515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.445202112197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.44292497634887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42981940507888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.24714714288711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1993880569934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15131905674934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1467912793159485}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9edaa2bf21df47598487e86eb27c5b92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9edaa2bf21df47598487e86eb27c5b92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 6164-6181 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3541425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583992387","https://openalex.org/W1965076526","https://openalex.org/W1965432748","https://openalex.org/W1974438823","https://openalex.org/W1978589611","https://openalex.org/W1982297264","https://openalex.org/W2008683230","https://openalex.org/W2016430319","https://openalex.org/W2017411020","https://openalex.org/W2022773386","https://openalex.org/W2030806562","https://openalex.org/W2048289234","https://openalex.org/W2052165192","https://openalex.org/W2054658115","https://openalex.org/W2056370875","https://openalex.org/W2072575999","https://openalex.org/W2075165966","https://openalex.org/W2085827633","https://openalex.org/W2086796402","https://openalex.org/W2103491205","https://openalex.org/W2106077237","https://openalex.org/W2108883149","https://openalex.org/W2122132455","https://openalex.org/W2127245912","https://openalex.org/W2129206142","https://openalex.org/W2134533046","https://openalex.org/W2134596562","https://openalex.org/W2138863700","https://openalex.org/W2143700746","https://openalex.org/W2152307322","https://openalex.org/W2155477820","https://openalex.org/W2160754664","https://openalex.org/W2164940589","https://openalex.org/W2169087452","https://openalex.org/W2180251487","https://openalex.org/W2203777347","https://openalex.org/W2215173806","https://openalex.org/W2341650152","https://openalex.org/W2651598648","https://openalex.org/W2712294917","https://openalex.org/W2759351035","https://openalex.org/W2785825007","https://openalex.org/W2791133161","https://openalex.org/W2793685825","https://openalex.org/W2887405381","https://openalex.org/W2887456525","https://openalex.org/W2911292042","https://openalex.org/W2988550902","https://openalex.org/W2988618019","https://openalex.org/W3005873321","https://openalex.org/W3009294968","https://openalex.org/W3134964108","https://openalex.org/W3156547600","https://openalex.org/W3192359693","https://openalex.org/W3196410172","https://openalex.org/W4214654675","https://openalex.org/W4225405180","https://openalex.org/W4312331177","https://openalex.org/W4379806149","https://openalex.org/W4387829053","https://openalex.org/W4388427936","https://openalex.org/W6636460215","https://openalex.org/W6684710387","https://openalex.org/W6929534504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252699458","https://openalex.org/W2545123933","https://openalex.org/W2585813813","https://openalex.org/W2041414401","https://openalex.org/W2042726296","https://openalex.org/W2096748030","https://openalex.org/W3016428515","https://openalex.org/W2160730947","https://openalex.org/W2747205507","https://openalex.org/W2917196883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3-D":[0,81,91,172],"urban":[1,15,60,131,262],"maps":[2],"from":[3,29,197,225],"optical,":[4],"LiDAR,":[5],"or":[6],"synthetic":[7],"aperture":[8],"radar":[9,152],"(SAR)":[10],"data":[11,85,254],"are":[12],"crucial":[13],"for":[14,79,150,257],"planning,":[16],"solar":[17],"panel":[18],"installation,":[19],"visibility":[20],"analysis,":[21],"and":[22,43,62,72,83,105,114,120,140,154,183,217,221,237,252],"shadow":[23],"estimation.":[24],"Digital":[25],"surface":[26,107],"models":[27],"(DSMs)":[28],"airborne":[30,55],"laser":[31],"scanning":[32],"(ALS)":[33],"serve":[34],"as":[35],"high-quality":[36],"references":[37],"but":[38],"often":[39],"lack":[40],"wall":[41],"information":[42,117,196],"exhibit":[44],"gaps":[45,155],"in":[46,57,124],"vertical":[47,121],"structures.":[48],"This":[49,94],"study":[50],"explores":[51],"the":[52,64,88,128,175,194,230],"effectiveness":[53],"of":[54,90,130,191,232,250,261],"SAR":[56,82,111,144,162,182,207,253],"mapping":[58],"complex":[59],"geometries":[61],"compares":[63],"results":[65],"to":[66,86,147,177,229],"ALS":[67,84,125,251],"data,":[68,173],"including":[69],"point":[70],"clouds":[71],"DSMs.":[73],"We":[74],"also":[75],"propose":[76],"a":[77,248,258],"framework":[78],"fusing":[80],"enhance":[87],"accuracy":[89],"city":[92],"models.":[93],"fusion":[95],"approach":[96],"ensures":[97],"precise":[98],"alignment,":[99],"reduces":[100],"outliers":[101],"near":[102],"walls,":[103],"rooftops,":[104],"ground":[106],"(commonly":[108],"caused":[109,156],"by":[110,157],"phase":[112],"noise)":[113],"preserves":[115],"valuable":[116],"about":[118],"walls":[119],"structures":[122],"absent":[123],"data.":[126],"Given":[127],"diversity":[129],"areas,":[132],"we":[133],"performed":[134],"class-specific":[135],"analyses":[136],"(ground,":[137],"trees,":[138],"buildings,":[139],"power":[141,238],"lines).":[142],"Multiaspect":[143],"was":[145],"found":[146],"be":[148],"critical":[149],"addressing":[151],"shadows":[153],"nonbackscattering":[158],"objects.":[159],"Using":[160],"six":[161],"aspects":[163,208,216],"covering":[164],"<inline-formula":[165],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[167],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$270^{\\circ":[168],"}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[169],"provided":[170,185],"comprehensive":[171],"minimizing":[174],"need":[176],"consider":[178],"building":[179,236],"orientation.":[180],"While":[181],"LiDAR":[184],"similar":[186],"scene":[187],"information,":[188],"only":[189],"30%":[190],"voxels":[192],"contained":[193],"same":[195],"both":[198],"sources,":[199],"highlighting":[200],"their":[201],"complementary":[202],"nature.":[203],"Datasets":[204],"with":[205,214],"more":[206,210,218],"proved":[209],"informative":[211],"than":[212],"those":[213],"fewer":[215],"baselines.":[219],"Ground":[220],"tree":[222],"reconstructions":[223],"benefited":[224],"multiple":[226],"baselines":[227],"due":[228],"resolution":[231],"low-backscattering":[233],"objects,":[234],"whereas":[235],"line":[239],"reconstruction":[240],"showed":[241],"minimal":[242],"improvement.":[243],"The":[244],"findings":[245],"suggest":[246],"that":[247],"combination":[249],"is":[255],"essential":[256],"complete":[259],"understanding":[260],"environments.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}